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81.
Habitat type-based bioaccumulation and risk assessment of metal and As contamination in earthworms, beetles and woodlice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Frouke Vermeulen Nico W. Van den Brink Helga D'Hav Valentine K. Mubiana Ronny Blust Lieven Bervoets Wim De Coen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3098-3105
The present study investigated the contribution of environmental factors to the accumulation of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in earthworms, beetles and woodlice, and framed within an exposure assessment of the European hedgehog. Soil and invertebrate samples were collected in three distinct habitat types. Results showed habitat-specific differences in soil and invertebrate metal concentrations and bioaccumulation factors when normalized to soil metal concentration. Further multiple regression analysis showed residual variability (habitat differences) in bioaccumulation that could not be fully explained by differences in soil metal contamination, pH or organic carbon (OC). Therefore, the study demonstrated that in bioaccumulation studies involving terrestrial invertebrates or in risk assessment of metals, it is not sufficient to differentiate habitat types on general soil characteristics such as pH and/or OC alone. Furthermore, simple generic soil risk assessments for Cd and Cu showed that risk characterization was more accurate when performed in a habitat-specific way. 相似文献
82.
83.
Nathan L. Stephenson 《Environmental management》1987,11(1):1-5
Two recent studies using tree aggregations to analyze forest age-structure stability and past forest structure are flawed. A better understanding of aggregation dynamics is needed before aggregation analysis is used in forest management. 相似文献
84.
Indonesia is a major exporter of tropical hardwoods. The country's goal is to establish integrated wood industries by reducing the export of unprocessed sawlogs. The value of hardwood sawlog exports has decreased by twothirds in 1986 dollars since 1978, while the value of hardwood sawnwood and plywood exports has increased sixfold. Sawlog exports are now banned. This article contrasts the official governmental policy on forest industry development with the operational realities of doing business in Indonesia. 相似文献
85.
Results of breeding bird censuses in 1979 and 1980 were used to compare the relationships of both species and guilds to forest habitats in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Several age classes of 11 forest cover types were studied: northern hard-woods (Fagus-Betula-Acer), spruce (Picea), spruce-fir (Picea-Abies), birth (Betula), swamp hardwoods (Acer-Pinus-Tsuga), pine (Pinus strobus andP. resinosa), balsam fir (Abies), aspen (Populus tremuloides andP. grandidentata), northern red oak (Quercus), oak-pine (Quercus-Pinus), and hemlock (Tsuga). All types were even-aged; only northern hardwoods had an additional uneven-aged condition. Forest cover types were also pooled to consider generalized habitats: hardwoods, mixed forest, or softwoods. Results of ordinations based on censuses of 74 bird species indicate that foraging guilds are more related to general cover types than are nesting substrate guilds, but bird species reflect habitat differences to a greater degree than do either guild scheme. Also, considerable overlap occurs in bird species distribution between hardwoods and mixed forests; softwoods show little overlap with other types. Discriminant function and classification analyses revealed that bird species composition can be used to correctly classify general forest habitats more accurately (83.8%) than either foraging (63.2%) or nesting substrate guilds (58.4%). These results indicate that, of the habitats studied, avian species compositions are more characteristic than are foraging or nesting substrate guild composition, which tend to be similar across forest habitats. 相似文献
86.
Land-cover change in upper Barataria Basin estuary,Louisiana, 1972-1992: increases in Wetland area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA, is an extensive wetland and coastal estuary system of great economic and intrinsic value.
Although high rates of wetland loss along the coastal margin of the Barataria Basin have been well documented, little information
exists on whether freshwater wetlands in the upper basin have changed. Our objectives were to quantify land-cover change in
the upper basin over 20 years from 1972–1992 and to determine land-cover transition rates among land-cover types. Using 80-m
resolution Landsat MSS data from the North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) data archive, we classified images from
three time steps (1972, 1985, 1992) into six land-cover types: agriculture, urban, bottomland hardwood forest, swamp forest,
freshwater marsh, and open water. Significant changes in land cover occurred within the upper Barataria Basin over the study
period. Urban land increased from 8% to 17% of the total upper basin area, primarily due to conversions from agricultural
land, and to a lesser degree, bottomland forest. Swamp forest increased from 30% to 41%, associated with conversions from
bottomland hardwood forest and freshwater marsh. Overall, bottomland forest decreased 38% and total wetland area increased
21%. Within the upper Barataria, increases in total wetland area may be due to land subsidence. Based on our results, if present
trends in the reduction of bottomland forest land cover were to continue, the upper Barataria Basin may have no bottomland
hardwood forests left by the year 2025, as it is subjected to multiple stressors both in the higher elevations (from urbanization)
and lower elevations (most likely from land subsidence). These results suggest that changes in the upper freshwater portions
of coastal estuaries can be large and quite different from patterns observed in the more saline coastal margins. 相似文献
87.
Energy and carbon balances of wood cascade chains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study we analyze the energy and carbon balances of various cascade chains for recovered wood lumber. Post-recovery options include reuse as lumber, reprocessing as particleboard, pulping to form paper products, and burning for energy recovery. We compare energy and carbon balances of chains of cascaded products to the balances of products obtained from virgin wood fiber or from non-wood material. We describe and quantify several mechanisms through which cascading can affect the energy and carbon balances: direct cascade effects due to different properties and logistics of virgin and recovered materials, substitution effects due to the reduced demand for non-wood materials when wood is cascaded, and land use effects due to alternative possible land uses when less timber harvest is needed because of wood cascading. In some analyses we assume the forest is a limiting resource, and in others we include a fixed amount of forest land from which biomass can be harvested for use as material or biofuel. Energy and carbon balances take into account manufacturing processes, recovery and transportation energy, material recovery losses, and forest processes. We find that land use effects have the greatest impact on energy and carbon balances, followed by substitution effects, while direct cascade effects are relatively minor. 相似文献
88.
Mark Dougherty Randel L. Dymond Thomas J. Grizzard Adil N. Godrej Carl E. Zipper John Randolph Christine M. Anderson‐Cook 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(5):1405-1419
ABSTRACT: Long term effects of precipitation and land use/land cover on basin outflow and nonpoint source (NFS) pollutant flux are presented for up to 24 years for a rapidly developing headwater basin and three adjacent headwater basins on the urban fringe of Washington, D.C. Regression models are developed to describe the annual and seasonal responses of basin outflow and IMPS pollutant flux to precipitation, mean impervious surface (IS), and land use. To quantify annual change in mean IS, a variable called delta IS is created as a temporal indicator of urban soil disturbance. Hydrologic models indicate that total annual surface outflow is significantly associated with precipitation and mean IS (r2= 0.65). Seasonal hydrologic models reveal that basin outflow is positively associated with IS during the summer and fall growing season (June to November). NPS pollutant flux models indicate that total and storm total suspended solids (TSS) flux are significantly associated with precipitation and urban soil disturbance in all seasons. Annual NPS total nitrogen flux is significantly associated with both urban and agricultural soil disturbance (r2= 0.51). Seasonal models of phosphorus flux indicate a significant association of total phosphorus flux with urban soil disturbance during the growing season. Total soluble phosphorus (TSP) flux is significantly associated with IS (r2= 0.34) and urban and agricultural soil disturbance (r2= 0.58). In urbanizing Cub Run basin, annual TSP concentrations are significantly associated with IS and cultivated agriculture (r2= 0.51). 相似文献
89.
森林植被在生态环境建设中的作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对森林植被在生态环境建设中的作用进行了分折,指出森林植被建设是生态环境建设的重点,建议加快我因森林植被的建设与恢复,改善生态环境。 相似文献
90.
本文对四川盆地森林覆盖率的影响因素进行逐步回归分析,结果表明影响森林覆盖率的自然因素是综合的,它包括气候、地貌、土壤等自然条件。其中以7月降水量、地形崎岖度、山地比例、酸性紫色土比例及土地垦殖系数等作为决定四川森林覆盖率变化的最重要因素,这5个因素即可解释盆地森林覆盖率80%以上的变化。 相似文献