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601.
Implementing Participatory Decision Making in Forest Planning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ananda J 《Environmental management》2007,39(4):534-544
Forest policy decisions are often a source of debate, conflict, and tension in many countries. The debate over forest land-use
decisions often hinges on disagreements about societal values related to forest resource use. Disagreements on social value
positions are fought out repeatedly at local, regional, national, and international levels at an enormous social cost. Forest
policy problems have some inherent characteristics that make them more difficult to deal with. On the one hand, forest policy
decisions involve uncertainty, long time scales, and complex natural systems and processes. On the other hand, such decisions
encompass social, political, and cultural systems that are evolving in response to forces such as globalization. Until recently,
forest policy was heavily influenced by the scientific community and various economic models of optimal resource use. However,
growing environmental awareness and acceptance of participatory democracy models in policy formulation have forced the public
authorities to introduce new participatory mechanisms to manage forest resources. Most often, the efforts to include the public
in policy formulation can be described using the lower rungs of Arnstein’s public participation typology. This paper presents
an approach that incorporates stakeholder preferences into forest land-use policy using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
An illustrative case of regional forest-policy formulation in Australia is used to demonstrate the approach. It is contended
that applying the AHP in the policy process could considerably enhance the transparency of participatory process and public
acceptance of policy decisions. 相似文献
602.
Raj Kumar 《Resources Policy》1985,11(2):99-109
The rapid exhaustion of Malaysia's commercial primaeval forest base has raised questions regarding the management and economic responses in the sector. The article assesses the institutional and management structure of Malaysian forestry which, together with the social and political barriers at work, prevent an orderly programme of harvesting and reforestation. The supply is then set out in terms of an econometric model, formulated both in static and dynamic terms to measure, among other things, the responses of output to price changes. The model, which is the first of its kind to be tested for the Malaysian forestry sector, is applied on three wood-based commodities — sawlogs, sawnwood and plywood. To learn of possible regional variations, the model is also applied to data of the country's three principal components — Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah. The results indicate that short-run price elasticities of supply are low, and in some cases, even contrary to expectations based on economic theory. Allowing for data inconsistencies, the slow responses of output to changes in price may be attributed to the method of wood disposal, its timing as well as the social and political barriers to entry at work in the sector. 相似文献
603.
604.
Caedmon Staddon 《Natural resources forum》2000,24(3):237-246
After ten years of post-communist transformation, the current Bulgarian Government has only recently initiated the task of wholesale reform of the communist-era structures extant within the forestry sector. This is an unavoidably complex process, involving the reorganisation of tenure over forest resources (restitution to pre-communist era owners), the privatisation and decentralisation of commercial and related activities in the woods, the redefinition of the role of the State in oversight, management and planning, and the development of a supportive institutional context for the growth of small and medium private enterprise throughout the forestry production process. This paper discusses the legal, institutional, economic and environmental implications of forest restitution. The author argues that the particular Bulgarian solution to the reform of forestry tenure structures, based on a mix of private and public ownership, arises out of the crucible of Bulgarian historical geography and the requirements of contemporary neoliberal models of transition. On the basis of the analysis, a number of important implications for Bulgarian, and indeed all post-communist forestry sectors, are raised for major related processes, such as the development of a robust private forestry sector, the limitation of the role of the State to conservation, management and oversight, and the reconfiguration of timber as a resource for local economic development. 相似文献
605.
攀西地区实施退耕和天保工程的问题及对策 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
攀西地处长江上游,在西南地区乃至全国的可持续发展战略中具有重要地位,目前生态退化严重。论述了攀植实施退耕还林还草和天然林保护工程的问题,如产业结构的单一性和脆弱性及地方财政的弱势地位造成对森林依赖性砍伐,法律法规等各项具体配套措施不到位,利益分享补偿机制等制度建设落后于实践,群众的落后思维方式和发展观念难以摒除等都使工程实施初期的经济效益不明显,当地群众脱贫又返贫,社会矛盾激化等。对此提出了相关对策,即区分当前和长远两个层次,在当前主要依靠国家加大财政转移支付和吸引民间投资,加强资金监督管理,强化普法执法,加强现有技术措施的推广应用等;远期内,完善基础设施,发展水电,旅游等资源商品型替代产品,重视农村科教文卫普及,摒除陈规陋习,控制人口增长,树立“环境容量/土承载力”的可持续发展意义.等 相似文献
606.
Wrathall JE 《Disasters》1985,9(2):104-114
The annual hazard of fire in the forest, maquis and garrigue of southern France is related both to the fragile nature of the Mediterranean ecosystem and to man's activities. The Mediterranean vegetation is adapted to withstand the aridity of the summer months, but the combination of high temperatures, low precipitation, critical soil-moisture levels and occasional bouts of strong winds (mistral) desiccate the vegetation cover and create conditions in which outbreaks of forest fires are inevitable. Although the annual incidence and impact of forest fires are related to the occurrence of extreme weather conditions they are also exacerbated by depopulation of the remoter rural areas, the spread of urbanization and the growth of tourist facilities in the more accessible coastal zones, and above dl by man's carelessness. This article reviews the factors affecting the nature and severity of forest fires and discusses the attempts being made to prevent and control forest fires in the Mediterranean zone of southern France 相似文献
607.
Farrell AE 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,107(1-3):59-80
The Montreal Process was formed in 1994 to develop an internationally agreed upon set of criteria and indicators for the conservation and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests. In response to this initiative, the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) and Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) programs of the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service have implemented soil measurements as part of a national monitoring program to address specific questions related to the conservation of soil and water resources. Integration of soil assessments into the national FIA program provides for systematic monitoring of soil properties across all forested regions of the U.S. using standardized collection, laboratory, and statistical procedures that are compatible with existing forest inventory data. The resulting information will provide quantitative benchmarks for regional, national, and international reporting on sustainable forest management and enhance our understanding of management effects on soil quality. This paper presents an overview of the FIA soil monitoring program, outlines the field and laboratory protocols as currently implemented, and provides examples of how these data may be used to assess indicators of sustainable management as defined by the Montreal Process. 相似文献
608.
De França EJ De Nadai Fernandes EA Bacchi MA Rodrigues RR Verburg TG 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,102(1-3):349-357
The Atlantic Forest with its exuberant vegetation of high level of biodiversity is classified as one hotspot of the world. Chemical composition of leaves from native trees and underlying soils was evaluated by INAA. The predominant species Euterpe edulis, Bathysa meridionalis, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Marlierea tomentosa, Gomidesia flagellaris, and Gomidesia spectabilis belonging to the diverse plant families were studied. Euterpe edulis, the most abundant understory specie, presented the lowest element concentrations except for Zn. Some variation in chemical composition was noted, however, the chemical specificity of tree species can be more predominant than the soil variability for the obtained leaf concentrations. Factor values obtained through the Monte-Carlo assisted factor analysis were used for species discrimination. The results indicate that chemical investigation of native trees is a quite promising tool for biodiversity studies in the Atlantic Forest. 相似文献
609.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used mainly as additives in different kinds of plastic material. Various PBDEs are found in all environmental compartments as well as in tissue and blood serum of animals and humans due to their persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate. Emission of PBDEs into the environment can occur during recycling of PBDE-containing plastic material or during their uncontrolled or insufficient combustion as e.g. in accidental fires or landfill fires. Under these circumstances, PBDEs can also function as precursor molecules for the formation of polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). In this study, we qualitatively investigated the reaction of two PBDE congeners, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromo diphenyl ether (BDE 47) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromo diphenyl ether (BDE 153), as well as hexabromobenzene (HBB), a flame retardant used in the past, when exposed to temperatures between 250 °C and 500 °C. The formed reaction products were analysed by high resolution gas chromatography–low resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-LRMS). Among others brominated–chlorinated diphenyl ethers were formed by chlorodebromination of the PBDEs. In addition, thermolysis of BDE 47 and BDE 153 in the presence of tetrachloromethane as model substance for an organic chlorine source was studied. Thermal treatment of HBB resulted in the formation of brominated–chlorinated benzenes. 相似文献
610.
Technetium-99 was determined in samples from the 30-km zone around the Chernobyl reactor. Concentrations of 99Tc in soil samples taken from three forest sites ranged from 1.1 to 14.1 Bq kg−1 dry weight for the organic soil layers, and from 0.13 to 0.83 Bq kg−1 dry weight for the mineral soil layers. In particular, for the organic layers, the measured 99Tc concentrations were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those due to global fallout 99Tc. The 99Tc depositions (Bq m−2), based on the sum of the depositions measured in organic and mineral layers, ranged from 130 Bq m−2 within the 10-km zone to about 20 Bq m−2 close to the border of the 30-km zone. Taking the corresponding measured 137Cs depositions into account, it was found that the activity ratio of 99TW/137Cs ranged from 6 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−4. It was estimated that about 970 GBq of 99Tc had been released by the Chernobyl accident. This figure corresponded to 2%–3% of the total 99Tc inventory in the core. 相似文献