Economic and social effects analysis of mineral development in China and policy implications

Mineral development has contributed greatly to China's economic and social development. Many challenges remain, however, including environmental pollution and resource waste in practice, as well as a dearth of systematic theoretical research. The goal of this study is to analyze the economic and social effects of various mineral developments in China from diversified perspectives, so as to provide the basis for the formulation of China's mineral development policy. The input–output effects, industrial linkage effects and income distribution effects of different mining industries are quantitatively analyzed by adopting basic hypotheses of input–output economics, industrial linkage model and income distribution antitheses based on the latest available official data from China Statistical Yearbook from 2004 to 2010 and the 2007 Input–Output Table of China. The empirical results obtained in this study indicate that all mineral development industries, especially coal mining and washing, and petroleum and natural gas extraction industries, have given a strong impetus to the increase of China's fixed asset investment and GDP. Moreover, they have provided a large number of jobs, thereby alleviating ongoing employment pressure, and they have also played a positive role in promoting China's technology investment. The analysis of industrial linkages demonstrates that mining industries are basic to the national economy and produce a significant impetus to its downstream industries, but create weak pull effects in terms of national economic development. From the perspective of income distribution, mining industries play an important role in increasing China's fiscal revenue and per capital income. Hence, China's mineral development policy should (1) encourage additional investment in technology for exploration and development to insure sufficient supply and expand the input effects; (2) attract additional talent to work in remote regions; (3) optimize the industrial structure and promote the industrial transformation in resource regions; (4) adjust the interest distribution between the central and local governments to enable the local regions to become more self-sufficient; and (5) enhance the legal environment so that companies can more readily undertake their social responsibilities voluntarily.     

北京市机动车新车排放标准效益的灰色关联评价

为对机动车排放的控制措施进行效益评估,引入“机动车当量排放”的概念,通过对执行不同时期新车排放标准的机动车计算当量排放,给出了北京市2000—2004年的机动车NO_x总排放量,并将该排放量与相应的区域环境污染物质量浓度进行了灰色关联分析. 结果表明,北京市交通环境ρ(NO₂)年际变化与基于当量排放的NO_x总排放量年际变化在总体上呈现中等程度的关联,说明实施新车排放标准对区域环境质量的改变有着较大的关联作用.      

生态环境约束下的干旱区城乡用水联动模式——以河西走廊张掖市为例

在脆弱的生态环境和短缺的水资源条件约束下,促进水资源农转非是适应西北干旱区城镇化加速发展的迫切需要。论文以黑河流域张掖市为例,针对张掖市城镇化和工业化水平低、第二三产业用水比重低、用水经济效益低、社会经济用水总量受限等问题,设计了城乡用水联动的总体思路,并提出了生态环境约束下干旱区城乡用水联动的5种主要模式,即:退耕稳粮给水模式、农业科技进步供水模式、农业产业化促水流转模式、城市中水农用模式、水资源农转非补偿模式。通过5种模式的联合运用,旨在为张掖市及西北干旱区创新水资源管理并促进城乡协调快速发展提供参考。     

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.     

大倾角煤层开采覆岩破断机制研究

为了探究大倾角煤层开采覆岩变形、失稳、破断的演化特征,结合潘二矿1212(3)工作面地质与工程条件,采用数值模拟、物理模拟、理论分析相结合的方法,分析了大倾角煤层开采覆岩变形破坏规律,探讨了巨厚砂岩直覆和无坚硬岩层2种条件下大倾角煤层开采顶板破断失稳形式。研究结果表明:受倾角影响直接顶冒落、滑移,充填下部采空区,基本顶中上部挠度最大而发生断裂,破断裂纹逐渐向基本顶两侧及相邻岩层演化;大倾角煤层倾向岩层间的联动时序性破断是形成非对称拱形承载结构的主因;预裂爆破巨厚砂岩顶板、充填开采软弱岩层工作面可促使关键块体组成的拱形承载结构形成,保证大倾角工作面安全回采。     

Fatty acid fouling of forward osmosis membrane: Effects of pH, calcium, membrane orientation, initial permeate flux and foulant composition

Octanoic acid (OA) was selected to represent fatty acids in effluent organic matter (EOM). The effects of feed solution (FS) properties, membrane orientation and initial permeate flux on OA fouling in forward osmosis (FO) were investigated. The undissociated OA formed a cake layer quickly and caused the water flux to decline significantly in the initial 0.5 hr at unadjusted pH 3.56; while the fully dissociated OA behaved as an anionic surfactant and promoted the water permeation at an elevated pH of 9.00. Moreover, except at the initial stage, the sudden decline of water flux (meaning the occurrence of severe membrane fouling) occurred in two conditions: 1. 0.5 mmol/L Ca^2 +, active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) and 1.5 mol/L NaCl (DS); 2. No Ca^2 +, active layer-facing FS (AL-FS) and 4 mol/L NaCl (DS). This demonstrated that cake layer compaction or pore blocking occurred only when enough foulants were absorbed into the membrane surface, and the water permeation was high enough to compact the deposit inside the porous substrate. Furthermore, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as a co-foulant. The water flux of both co-foulants was between the fluxes obtained separately for the two foulants at pH 3.56, and larger than the two values at pH 9.00. This manifested that, at pH 3.56, BSA alleviated the effect of the cake layer caused by OA, and OA enhanced BSA fouling simultaneously; while at pH 9.00, the mutual effects of OA and BSA eased the membrane fouling.