Virgin and recycled engine oil differentiation: a spectroscopic study

As a result of the changes that occur during their use, used engine oils tend to differ in chemical and physical composition from a virgin oil. In general recycled oils have: much higher water and sediment levels than virgin oil; relatively higher concentrations of organic compounds (oxidation products); and relatively higher levels of metals such as Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb, etc. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate, assess and to observe, by means of the physical and the chemical properties of the oils, atomic absorption (AA), inductive couple plasma (ICP) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses the extent of the differences occurring between the virgin and recycled oil. In important part of this work was also the development of analytical techniques based on the use of FTIR spectroscopy; in relation to the rapid analysis of lubricants; in particular for the differentiation of virgin and recycled oil. The results obtained were expected to be useful for differentiation purposes, providing information on whether the metal concentrations and oxidation products could be an appropriate feature for differentiating a particular oil sample from the others. This work is categorized into a two-step procedure. Firstly, an evaluation of a typical FTIR spectrum of an engine oil sample (mono- and multigrade) is presented. The broad feature centered at 1716 cm(-1) is due to the presence of carbonyl containing degradation products of oil. A band observed at 1732, 1169, 1154 and 1270 cm(-1) assigned to the polymethacrylate stretching vibrations, allows the determination of viscosity modifier and pour point depressant additives. The observed differences in the specific spectral bands (1732, 1169, 1154 and 1270 and 1716 cm(-1)) are investigated and discussed. Secondly, an analytical technique for the measurement of the levels of the wear metals is also applied.     

基于傅里叶级数的自然灾害损失预测模型研究——以湖南省自然灾害经济损失预测为例

针对湖南省自然灾害经济损失发生的现状,结合傅里叶级数的相位特征,利用傅里叶级数时间序列模型给出自然灾害损失的变化趋势。根据1986—2007年湖南省自然灾害所造成的直接经济损失数据,在SPSS环境下进行拟合,并对未来5年湖南省的自然灾害所造成的直接经济损失进行预测。结果表明:傅里叶级数时间序列模型符合自然灾害损失发生的特点,有效地解决了传统损失预测模型在灾害经济损预测中误差大、稳定性差的缺陷,提高了预测精度;且得出未来5年湖南灾害灾情仍然具有递增的趋势的结论。采用该模型对自然灾害损失进行预测,其结果比较可靠,可供减灾决策部门参考。     

Enhanced degradation of bioremediation residues in petroleum-contaminated soil using a two-liquid-phase bioslurry reactor

A study was performed to determine the potential of two-liquid-phase (TLP) bioslurry reactors using silicon oil as solvent for degradation of residual contaminants in petroleum-contaminated soil. The residues were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. This allowed for the identification of a mixture of residual biomarkers, metabolic byproducts, oxygenated and hetero-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the contaminated soil. The removal amount of total extractable organics (TEO) was 15 900 mg kg⁻¹ soil in the TLP reactor within 12 weeks. However, TEO remained intact in the bioslurry reactor without the addition of silicon oil for the duration of the experiment, due to high toxicity of metabolites to the microorganisms. The availability of TEO was calculated using a mild extraction with Triton X-100, and the amount of TEO extracted was in accord with the amount of biodegraded TEO. Significantly reduced toxicity in soil was observed at week 12 through TLP remediation. Dehydrogenase activity in the bioslurry reactor was strongly suppressed. Fluorescein diacetate was significantly hydrolyzed by the composition of bioremediation residues in the contaminated soil. Microbial adhesion to the solvent was revealed by the determination of microbial activity in the water-immiscible-liquid.     

A complimentary tool in the determination of activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides

The determination of activity concentrations of radionuclides requires a reliable gamma spectrometry system, which also depends on the compulsory attainment of secular equilibrium amongst the progenies of the radionuclide of interest. This is often difficult to attain and hence a helium particle induced x-ray emission technique, not requiring the compulsory attainment of secular equilibrium, was used to determine the actual concentrations of the elemental content of tailings from the high background radiation tin mining area, Jos, Nigeria. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides of ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th and ²³⁸U were also calculated based on their elemental analyses, providing reliable information about the heads of uranium (²³⁸U) and thorium (²³²Th) series on the study area.     

Emergency response plan for boiler explosion with toxic chemical releases at Nan-Kung industrial park in central Taiwan

A large amount of hazardous materials and equipment has been extensively employed to produce useful chemicals for our daily lives, but many serious accidents, such as fires, explosions, toxic releases, and so on, that harm human beings and impact the environment have occurred during preparation, operation, and transportation of these chemicals. On 17 May 2007, a toxic release from a boiler explosion in a chemical firm triggered a large amount of xylene (7 ton), isopropanol (8 ton), phosphorus trichloride (44.7 ton), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) (1.37 ton) to be released to the atmosphere with total damages of 2000 m² level ground. Through concerted efforts from the Yunlin Emergency Response Information Center (YERIC), sponsored by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan and other government sectors, this accident was eventually well controlled after 37 h with 107 people being involved in the rescue action. This study could be applied to lessen the degree of hazard for relevant accidents with an emergency response plan (ERP), and, via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and photo ionization detector (PID) the toxic concentrations of airborne chemicals that occurred in the industrial area could be analyzed.     

瓦里关大气二氧化碳和甲烷时间变化特征

于2009~2010对瓦里关山大气二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)进行了连续观测.结果表明,瓦里关山夏季频繁受到区域排放的影响,大约17%的CO2浓度标识为污染浓度.2009~2010年CO2平均浓度390.72×10-6,较1995~2008年高17.4×10-6;2009~2010年CH4中位浓度为1851.11×10-9,较2002~2006年高16×10-9,意味着区域内CO2和CH4的排放仍在不断增加.利用遗传算法改进的神经网络模型插补数据获得了完整的空气温度、风速、CO2和CH4浓度时间序列,并对时间序列展开了傅立叶分析.在天时间尺度,由于太阳活动的逐日变化,气象因子、CO2和CH4功率谱在24 h和12 h有着非常明显的谱峰.在月时间尺度,CO2浓度在30 d的周期内有明显的谱隙,意味着气象和物候因素在这个时间尺度上对CO2浓度的影响并不明显.     

太湖草、藻湖区沉积物WSOM组成和分子结构分析

草型湖泊（区）和藻型湖泊（区）是浅水湖泊的两种典型状态,两种湖泊中有机质（OM）的来源和转化存在明显差异.有机质在沉积物上的埋藏是湖泊碳汇功能的重要体现.沉积物中的有机质可能发生后续的转化,影响湖泊碳汇功能;其转化过程与其固有的性质密切相关.目前为止,有关草型和藻型湖泊沉积物中有机质的组成,特别是分子结构差异的信息较少.为此,采集太湖草型湖区（东太湖）和藻型湖区（梅梁湾）沉积物,提取和纯化沉积物中的水溶性有机质（分别记为M-WSOM和A-WSOM）,并采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱、傅立叶红外光谱和傅里叶变换-离子回旋共振-质谱（FT-ICR MS）对WSOM性质组成和分子结构进行详尽的表征与分析.结果表明：①M-WSOM的相对分子质量比A-WSOM的（E₂ ：E₃指标）稍大;FT-ICR MS的数据显示,M-WSOM和A-WSOM的相对分子质量分别为388.9和379.9.②M-WSOM的芳香性略高于A-WSOM的（SUVA₂₅₄和HIX指标）;同样地,FT-ICR MS的结果显示,M-WSOM中稠环芳烃（6.3%,强度加权平均占比,下同）、芳香类物质（7.7%）的含量高于A-WSOM （分别为1.1%和4.4%）;③荧光组分结果表明A-WSOM中类蛋白质组分的含量大于M-WSOM;FT-ICR MS的结果与之对应,A-WSOM的多肽含量（35.5%）高于M-WSOM的（15.6%）;④质谱数据显示了高分辨的分子信息：M-WSOM和A-WSOM中,沉积物中含杂原子的分子分别占82.9%和91.7%;其中含氮元素的分子占比高达53.5%和78.5%;含磷元素分子占30.4%和41.4%,M-WSOM磷元素主要分布在脂肪烃和高度不饱和低氧物质中,而A-WSOM则主要分布在多肽中.揭示了浅水湖泊两种典型状态沉积物OM的组成和分子结构;有助于研究湖泊沉积物的温室气体排放,及碳、氮、磷元素的生物地球化学过程.     

路面不平度时域模型模拟方法研究

路面不平度是引起汽车系统振动的重要激励,路面不平度时域模型是研究公路运输平顺性的基础。本文根据国标GB/T 7031-2005中对路面不平的相关规定,研究讨论了路面不平度时域模型模拟常见的傅里叶逆变换法、谐波叠加法、滤波白噪声方法,对三种方法进行简单对比,并给出相应的实用范围。     

沧炼曝气池串联改造的应用

论述了沧炼曝气池由原来的并联运行改造为串联运行的原理，特点，并经过运行证明，改造后的曝气池运行方式更加灵活，且其耐冲击能力，处理效果等有较大幅度的提高。