自贸区效应下山东省渔业资源开发基准选择

国家间自贸区的设立,将更加有利于各签约国资源环境利用效率的提升。本文采用贸易指数测算方法,分析了中、挪、韩在海水产品生产、加工及贸易流通中的各自优势。挪威因丰富的渔业资源和先进的渔业技术,在海水产品养殖及加工领域中具有全球引领作用;韩国有相对更加严格的海水产品安全检疫检验体系,可以确保海水产品的品质安全。随着中韩自贸区的实施及中挪重启双边自贸协定谈判,三国海洋渔业彼此间将进入自贸型竞争态势。如何运用自贸区效应,积极促进渔业资源开发比较潜能的发挥,进一步融入全球化,对于我国,尤其是对山东省渔业实现跨越式发展都是一个亟待破解的课题。山东省作为中国第一渔业大省,在继"海上山东"战略实施基础上,又率先提出"海上粮仓"建设规划设想。针对目前山东省渔业发展中存在的瓶颈问题,本文结合全球贸易分析模型(GTAP)的模拟,在中挪、中韩自贸区背景下对各方海水产品贸易的影响进行了系统分析,提出:在当前海水养殖产量大于捕捞产量的格局下,山东"海上粮仓"建设应以自贸区制度所形成的倒逼机制为互动机理,切实落实海产品养殖生产的安全标准底线和生态系统水平提升的两个基准维度,全面践行可持续健康的渔业资源开发理念,在全国先行完成开放型"海上粮仓"示范体系的建设,以推动我国海水产品生产与加工从量到质的转型,实现海水资源开发与生态环境保护并举,提升我国海洋渔业的国际竞争力。     

中国对外贸易的环境影响综合效应分析

在全面提高开放型经济水平的背景下,需要深入分析对外贸易规模、外贸经济布局对环境影响的综合效应,全面探索对外贸易的环境效应规律。理论分析主要考察了对外贸易发展对环境影响综合效应的作用机制,在污染的需求和供给函数基础上,将环境因素分别引入对外贸易的生产者函数、消费者函数、政府税收函数,构建对外贸易环境总效应实证模型,模型分析表明,对外贸易对环境影响的规模效应体现为环境污染在不同禀赋和收入水平国家间转移;对外贸易对环境影响的结构效应体现为出口产品结构的改变,但是由于不同的比较优势,该结构效应在各经济体间的正负影响各不相同;资本积累会带来更多的污染,技术进步则会降低污染水平,二者相互作用究竟产生正面还是负面的影响效果,关键看资本积累和技术进步是否带来污染密集型产品的生产。同时基于我国29个省(市)的动态面板数据,实证检验了我国经济总量、外贸规模、外贸经济布局对环境影响的综合效应。研究表明,经济增长导致的收入效应和规模效应使污染物排放量呈现先下降然后增长的变化,而外商投资在短期内会增加环境污染,但从长期来看,正的技术效应使污染排放量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,同时受到产业结构的约束,外贸经济布局的产品效应及结构效应呈现显著的负效应。我国对外贸易对环境影响负效应产生的现实基础来源于我国的外贸结构与模式等特征的国情基础,改善我国的外贸对环境影响的负效应需要通过继续深化外贸体制改革,转变外贸增长方式,完善环境经济政策,加强国际多边合作等综合手段来实现。     

碳边境调节机制：欧盟应对气候变化的新选择与中国因应

近年来,欧盟考虑在气候变化立法中引入碳边境调节机制,旨在消除境外企业由于碳排放成本不对称而获得的价格优势。这一机制对于欧盟对冲减排压力、助力工业回流、增强气候领导力以及推动绿色转型大有裨益。作为一种碳关税政策,该机制确有贸易壁垒之嫌,在国际法上存在较大合法性争议。但未来欧盟可通过制度设计使其符合《关税与贸易总协定》（GATT）第20条,进而获得实施可能性。对我国而言,该机制实施必将会在诸多领域对我国产生不利影响,但某种程度上也可倒逼我国出口结构和贸易方式的调整升级。基于此,今后我国应自上而下完善碳市场建设,适时推动“碳交易+碳税”复合政策双轮驱动;积极开展气候外交;促进我国承接国际产业转移和出口的可持续发展。在法律对策上,积极参与国际谈判与规则制定;完善气候治理体系;促进低碳外贸发展;健全可再生能源激励制度。     

土壤中铁氧化物对铅吸附-解吸的影响

选择上海地区广泛分布的水稻土,通过静态吸附平衡试验,比较土壤去除非晶质氧化铁和去除游离氧化铁后对Pb2+的吸附-解吸行为,采用数学模型拟合,探讨3种土壤的最佳拟合方程、最大吸附的理论值和亲和能力,进而研究非晶质氧化铁和游离氧化铁对Pb2+吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,去除氧化铁后吸附能力和亲和能力均减弱,原土的最大吸附量为29.21 g/kg,非晶质氧化铁的贡献值为3.52 g/kg,游离氧化铁的贡献值为8.32 g/kg。     

中国加入WTO与绿色贸易（非关税）壁垒

文章以我国即将加入世贸组织的新阶段为背景,阐述了绿色贸易壁垒的起因特征,其内容包括环境税、市场准入、环境技术标准、环境标专和绿色消费意识。基于此,指出目前急街解决的主要问题是加快ISO 14000和环境标志认证、环境经济政策的研究和制定以及人才培养,大力发展环保产业和高效农业。     

China＇s Export Expansion, Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Since the reform and opening up, China＇s export trade has maintained a rapid growth; meanwhile, China＇s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. ＂High export and high energy consumption＂ has become the feature of China＇s trade and economic development. In this paper, based on the input-output analysis approach, the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors. The results show that, China is a big net exporter of embodied energy. Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%, the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years, and based on the input-output data of 2005, by 2030 China＇s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production, which is obviously infeasible. As a country of very low per capita en- ergy, China must change its export pattern, encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity, and promote structural change of energy- efficient exported products, so as to achieve the sustainable development. Accordingly, the authors put forward some suggestions.     

China’s Export Expansion, Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Since the reform and opening up,China’s export trade has maintained a rapid growth;meanwhile,China’s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. "High export and high energy consumption" has become the feature of China’s trade and economic development.In this paper,based on the input-output analysis approach,the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors.The results show that,China is a big net exporter of embodied energy.Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%,the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years,and based on the input-output data of 2005,by 2030 China’s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production,which is obviously infeasible.As a country of very low per capita energy,China must change its export pattern,encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity,and promote structural change of energy-efficient exported products,so as to achieve the sustainable development.Accordingly,the authors put forward some suggestions.     

WTO环境服务贸易谈判和中国的利益

环境服务的定义和范围是环境服务贸易谈判的关键。环境服务贸易谈判中必须区分并协调好全球环境服务需求与中国环境服务需求的关系。从中国和全球的共同利益出发,谈判中需要尽快重新定义环境服务;提出符合可持续发展战略的环境服务清单;建议WTO应该明确将环境改善,至少是全球环境改善,作为WTO环境服务谈判的目标,而非仅仅靠成员自己的贸易利益驱动谈判。     

Evidence Supporting Cap and Trade as a Groundwater Policy Option for Reducing Irrigation Consumptive Use1

Thompson, Christopher L., Raymond J. Supalla, Derrel L. Martin, and Brian P. McMullen, 2009. Evidence Supporting Cap and Trade as a Groundwater Policy Option for Reducing Irrigation Consumptive Use. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1508‐1518. Abstract: In the American West water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource. Obligations to bordering states, endangered species protection, and long‐term resource sustainability objectives have created a need for most western states to reduce the consumption of irrigation water. In Nebraska specifically, the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources (NDNR) and local Natural Resource Districts (NRDs) are meeting a large part of this need by using a regulatory approach, commonly called groundwater allocation. The cost of allocation, which occurs in the form of reduced economic returns to irrigation, could be greatly reduced by using an integrated cap and trade approach. Much like environmental cap and trade programs which are used to reduce the cost of limiting environmental pollution, the trading of capped groundwater allocations can reduce the cost of limiting water use. In an analysis of a typical case in the Nebraska Republican Basin, we found that the impact of a water market to trade groundwater allocations depended on the size of the allocation and on the characteristics of the land and irrigation systems involved in the trade. Potential economic benefits from trade ranged from US$0 to US$120 per 1,000 cubic meters traded, from US$25 to US$250 per 1,000 cubic meters of reduction in consumptive use, and from US$16 to US$50 per hectare of irrigated land in the region. The highest benefits occurred at relatively high allocations, which capped withdrawals at 65‐75% of the expected unrestricted pumping level. These gains from trade would be split between buyers and sellers based on the negotiated selling price.     

开放经济与节能减排的协调路径

过去30年中,GDP年均增长9.81%的中国经济奇迹已为世界所见证,然而,繁荣背后的能源与环境问题却往往被轻视.本研究基于1992-2006年省级面板数据的联立方程模型,对开放经济与节能减排的协调路径作了实证分析与情景模拟.研究结果表明:贸易与投资自由化虽然也会通过技术溢出等机制对我国能源与环境产生一定的积极影响,但是,基于规模效应的主导作用,贸易与投资自由化仍将促使我国能源消耗与污染排放的总量增加.在现有国情下,开放经济与节能减排的主要协调路径应在于:以优化能源结构为目标,推进能源价格改革;强化市场换技术战略,提升外资技术效率;因地制宜,促进工业结构优化;保障环境政策的有效性,强化市场机制;加强宣传,树立节能减排的全民意识等.