基于MRIO对铁矿石开采生态补偿新机制的探讨

基于多区域投入产出（MRIO）方法,从需求端出发,研究了2010年中国省域间贸易隐含铁矿石的情况,识别了铁矿石消费的重点省份与重点部门.研究结果显示：2010年贸易隐含铁矿石总调出量最大的省份为河北省、辽宁省与内蒙古省,均是铁矿石开采大省;总调入量最大的省份为江苏省与浙江省,位于东部沿海地区,经济较为发达.河北省净输出了3.5亿t贸易隐含铁矿石,占全国开采量的32%.铁矿石开采大省将大量的贸易隐含铁矿石输出到东部沿海地区,以满足当地对建筑业与设备制造业的最终需求.最大的贸易隐含流发生在河北省与浙江省之间,河北为浙江提供了3030万t贸易隐含铁矿石,其中绝大多数进入到浙江的建筑业.     

Taking Venezuela back to the sustainability path: The role of financial development and economic integration in low‐carbon transition

Environmental protection and sustainable development are connected. Such connection is considered highly important for Venezuela, where fossil fuel abundance has created economic and environmental challenges. Surprisingly, only limited attention has been directed to identifying policy options for charting the path to sustainable development in the economy. Contributing to filling this gap in the literature, this study examines whether financial development, de facto and de jure conditions in trade and financial integration can trigger long‐term economic shifts that will change the trajectory of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the economy using a novel estimation approach—dynamic simulations of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models. The empirical modelling framework incorporates the impact of population, economic growth, energy intensity and government consumption expenditure. ARDL‐bounds test provides evidence that the variables are cointegrated. Long‐run estimates from the dynamic ARDL analysis show that de facto and de jure conditions in trade and financial components of economic integration offer varied policy options for carbon mitigation in Venezuela. Population size, energy intensity, government consumption expenditure and de facto condition in financial integration have increasing impact on CO₂ emissions, exacerbating suitability challenges in the economy. On the other hand, positive shocks in financial development, de facto condition in trade integration and de jure condition in financial integration have a mitigation effect on CO₂ emissions. Overall, financial development, trade integration and the control of cross‐border financial flows are needed economic conditions that can accelerate a quick transition to a low‐carbon develpoment in Venezuela.     

中国-东盟自由贸易区粮食生产与贸易的时空格局演变

东南亚既是中国-东盟自由贸易区的重要组成部分,也是21世纪海上丝绸之路的前沿阵地和重要枢纽。20世纪90年代特别是中国-东盟自由贸易区（简称“自贸区”）成立以来,中国与东盟及其成员国的经贸联系日益加强。研究全球最大粮食消费国、进口国以及世界稻米最重要主产区和出口区之间的粮食生产和贸易发展态势,对中国实施“走出去”和“引进来”战略、建设21世纪海上丝绸之路以及改善地缘安全环境具有重要现实意义。论文基于FAO数据库中国-东盟各成员国1961-2013年粮食生产与贸易数据,利用集中化指数与回归分析法,定量揭示中国-东盟粮食生产与贸易的时空格局及演变特征。研究表明：1）从粮食生产来看,50多年来自贸区粮食总产增长4.06倍,至2013年底总产达到8.09×10⁸ t;就粮食贸易而言,1961-2013年自贸区贸易量增长3.19倍,其中粮食进口量年均增长率为2.95%,粮食出口量增长2.40倍,粮食进口总体大于粮食出口,受中国粮食进出口战略调整的影响,自贸区各个子区粮食贸易日趋均匀化。2）从空间格局来看,自贸区主要粮食生产国集中在中国、印度尼西亚、泰国和越南,其中中国的玉米、水稻比重占明显优势;中国的粮食贸易逆差进一步扩大,其贸易重心开始转向东南亚。3）自贸区的粮食生产与粮食进出口量关系密切,具有显著相关性,但国别差异明显。其中,中国粮食出口量受国内粮食生产与需求影响较大,是自贸区粮食贸易变动的晴雨表。     

PCB and PCT levels in cultivated and free‐living mussels of galicia (North west Spain)

PCB and PCT residues were measured in free‐living (FM) and cultivated mussels (CM) from ten sites in Galicia by gas chromatography with electron capture detector and capillary column. The level of PCB₁₂₆₀ and PCT₅₄₆₀ in FMs increases going from Muros‐Noya to Vigo estuarine bay. There was a trend of increase from north to south.     

中美贸易间隐含的大气污染物排放估算

随着中国能源消耗和国际贸易的快速增长,中国国际贸易尤其是中美贸易对气候变化的影响受到了广泛关注,但国际贸易对于大气污染的影响却鲜见系统研究. 基于环境投入产出法和结构分解分析法,采用基于技术的、自下而上的大气污染物排放清单,探讨了中美贸易隐含的大气污染物排放问题. 结果表明:由于中国对美国出口贸易顺差较大且商品污染物排放强度较高,造成了中国对美国的出口贸易隐含着较大的污染物排放逆差. 2007年中国对美国出口贸易隐含的SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5的排放逆差分别为174.26×104、131.15×104和46.88×104t. 有行业针对性的污染物减排措施可以降低中美贸易隐含的污染物排放量;1997—2007年污染物燃烧排放因子和非燃烧直接排放强度的下降就可使出口贸易隐含的SO₂和PM_2.5排放量降低96.41%和226.26%. 占出口份额最高的机械类制造品的SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5排放强度分别为72.63、58.38和20.74t/108元,低于所有出口商品的污染物排放强度的平均值, 中国应加强这种高附加值、低污染物排放的商品出口.      

贸易隐含CO2测算及影响因素的结构分解分析

根据中国2002年、2005年和2007年非竞争型投入产出表,OECD的国外投入产出表和GTAP Version 7.0的CO2排放强度等数据,利用多国投入产出模型方法测算了中国对外贸易中的隐含CO2,分析了隐含CO2在主要贸易伙伴国中的贸易流向,并通过结构分解方法分析了出口规模与结构变化、投入产出表中间结构变化及单位产值CO2排放量三大因素对出口贸易隐含CO2的贡献.结果表明:2002—2007年,中国对外贸易创造了巨大贸易顺差,同时也带来了大量隐含CO2顺差,2007年CO2顺差达1 381.06×106 t;迅速增长的贸易规模是出口贸易隐含CO2增加的主要因素,CO2排放强度下降带来的技术效应是抑制出口贸易隐含CO2增加的重要因素.      

Parameterization of the roughness length over the sea in forced and free convection

In the condition of free convection, the Charnock relation is inadequate. In this paper we extend the Charnock relation to include the effect of free convection on the roughness length. As a result, the singularity in the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory can be avoided. This paper shows two approaches to derive the roughness length formula in the forced and free convections. The first approach is based on the mixing length theory and the use of the observational data of the vertical velocity variance. We introduce a new vertical velocity scale based on the vertical velocity variance; this velocity variance is well behaved in the atmospheric boundary layer and easy to obtain from field experiments. The second approach is based on the theoretical framework of Sykes et al. (Q R Met Soc, 119: 409–421). From that framework, we develop a theory to obtain the roughness length formula. The results of these two approaches are in agreement with each other. In the past, a multiplication factor associated with free convection was considered to be a constant. This paper shows that this multiplication factor is, in fact, also dependent on the depth of the mixing height. In previous studies, experimental works were often conducted without taking into account the depth of the mixing height. Not taking into account the mixing height in the estimation of the roughness length in free convection would result in an inaccurate estimate of the roughness length and hence the drag coefficient. An erratum to this article can be found at     

碳排放权配额管理体系的比较和借鉴

在地方性试点的基础上,我国已在电力行业启动全国性碳排放权交易市场建设。配额管理不仅直接影响参与者的经济利益,还决定着碳排放权交易机制能否成功建立和持续运行。从配额总量设定、地区和企业层面的配额分配、配额的调控和灵活管理机制等角度总结比较了各国碳排放权配额管理制度设计的经验教训,并从五个方面提出了对我国全国性碳交易市场建设的启示。     

An assessment of China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement’s economic and environmental impacts on China

Recently, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea) are conducting a government-commissioned feasibility study on the Free Trade Agreement among the three countries (CJKFTA) to form a regional free trade zone in East Asia. Considering that freer trade can cause unexpected impact on domestic environment, there is a need to evaluate the environmental impact of such a trade policy. This move should be made to help negotiators understand and pay more attention to environmental issues during CJKFTA negotiations, and to help lobby with the government to carry out appropriate policy instruments for adaptation or mitigation. Following the Chain Reaction Assessment Method that integrates and links the elements of trade, production, and environment, the present research aims to quantitatively assess CJKFTA’s possible impact on China’s environment. This is done by estimating the variations of China’s major conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in two policy scenarios to represent CJKFTA’s scale and composition effects on China’s environment. Estimating the variations is based on a static Computable General Equilibrium model, working with Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 7 database and China’s energy-environment statistics. Based on these assessments, CJKFTA is predicted to lead to notable environmental impact, including increased emissions of agricultural total nitrogen, agricultural total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and GHGs. On the other hand, decreased emissions of industrial SO₂ and dust are also expected to happen. Suitable policies need to be made to combat negative effects and amplify positive ones, while aiming at a more sustainable regional freer trade system.     

An interregional ecological approach for modelling sustainability in a globalizing world—Reviewing existing approaches and emerging directions

In recent decades international trade has become a major source of supplying the need and wants of billions of people around the world. Virtually everyone now consumes resource commodities and manufactured products imported from ‘elsewhere’. In effect, globalization and trade enable consuming populations to support themselves on the output of distant ecosystems half a world away. However, while economic integration implies greater ‘connectivity’ within the global village, the spatial separation of material production (including resource extraction) from consumption eliminates some of the signals i.e., the negative feedbacks coming from supporting eco-systems from reaching those who depend on these ecosystems for their sustainability. At present, despite increasing global connectedness, most environmental studies and models apply to a single spatial scale: local, national or global; analysing diverse pressures on human well-being and ecosystems integrity. This paper argues that both economic globalization and global ecological change should force us to add an interregional scale for quantifying and modelling sustainability. Such an approach recognizes that, in a globalizing world, the sustainability of any given region increasingly depends, directly and indirectly, on the sustainability of many other regions. The following pages describe the interregional approach and illustrate some existing and emerging methods for quantifying, analysing and modelling interregional linkages. It then identifies some of what is still missing, and discusses some of the implications in a changing world.