对一次高炉煤气燃烧放散过程可吸入颗粒物浓度变化情况的分析

通过对环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度监测数据在一次高炉煤气燃烧放散过程中变化情况的分析,得出特殊的局地地形条件和局部地面气象条件可能造成污染物汇集和积累的结论,并就此提出高炉煤气燃烧放散时污染控制的建议。     

烟煤颗粒燃烧生成PM_(10)粒径分布研究

为了对流化床炉燃烧产生细颗粒物的排放加以控制,本实验采用烟煤,在马弗炉静态燃烧条件下,改变燃烧时间、燃烧温度、煤颗粒的尺寸,对收集到的煤灰进行粒度分析,得出不同燃烧工况对细颗粒物生成的影响。实验结果显示:随着燃烧时间越长,在煤完全燃尽之前,产生细颗粒物粒度呈二次多项式分布,先逐渐减小,达到最小值后,又缓慢增大;采用较高的温度,有助于降低可吸入颗粒物的产生;不同粒径原煤对产生PM10粒度影响较大。     

基于遥感技术的贵州省PM10浓度年际变化监测与分析研究

文章选取MODIS数据,利用暗像元算法反演得到气溶胶光学厚度,利用BP神经网络算法通过网络训练和验证,得出PM10浓度遥感监测模型。利用该模型反演得到贵州省2014年3、7、10、12四个典型月份的PM10浓度值。结果表明模型训练和验证PM10浓度模拟值与实测值相关性系数（r）分别为0.76和0.62,利用此模型监测贵州省PM10近地面浓度是可行的;贵州省夏、秋季PM10浓度较低,春、冬季PM10浓度较高;贵州省的PM10浓度整体较低,空气质量较好。     

碱融-电感耦合等离子体法测定大气颗粒物膜中铝、硅的含量研究

铝(Al)和硅(Si)作为颗粒物源分析的指示性元素,不易被酸消解出来,需采用碱融法进行前处理.样品膜于99.9％纯度银坩埚中灰化后用氢氧化钠融熔,酸溶液提取,将被测元素转化为可溶性盐.此种前处理方式可解决大气颗粒物滤膜中Al、Si易产生的溶解不完全等问题.当采样体积为150 m3,试样定容体积为50.0mL时,本方法所计算出的Al、Si元素的检出限分别为0.096 μg/m3、0.123 μg/m3,加标回收率在87.2％～105％之间,可以满足测定准确的需要,且设备简单,操作简便,适合批量样品的测定.     

北京西山侧柏人工林土壤呼吸组分及其影响因素

采用挖壕法,利用LI-8100土壤CO2通量自动观测系统,确定了北京西山侧柏人工林土壤呼吸中异养呼吸和根系自养呼吸的贡献率及其影响因子,分析了土壤呼吸的日、月际时间尺度的变异特征,并利用经验模型分析了土壤温度、土壤体积含水量对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:1土壤呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率的昼夜变化呈现单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在14:00—15:00;月际变化也呈单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在7—8月;观测期内土壤呼吸速率日均值变化范围在0.09~12.16μmol·m-2·s-1,异养呼吸速率日均值变化范围在0.02~10.86μmol·m-2·s-1,年均贡献率为69.59%;自养呼吸速率日均值为0.01~6.79μmol·m-2·s-1,年均贡献率为30.41%.2土壤温度的日、月际变化均呈单峰形曲线变化而土壤体积含水量变化规律不明显;整个观测期间土壤呼吸速率的温度敏感系数Q10为2.91,异养呼吸速率的Q10为3.52.3模型研究表明,相对于土壤温度、土壤体积含水量单因素模型,土壤温度与土壤体积含水量的复合模型对土壤呼吸速率变化解释能力为86.8%,对异养呼吸速率的解释能力为74.4%.该研究为森林生态系统碳收支估测及碳循环提供数据依据.     

Comparison of PM10 concentrations and metal content in three different sites of the Venice Lagoon: An analysis of possible aerosol sources

The Venice Lagoon is exposed to atmospheric pollutants from industrial activities, thermoelectric power plants, petrochemical plants, incinerator, domestic heating, ship traffic, glass factories and vehicular emissions on the mainland. In 2005, construction began on the mobile dams (MOSE), one dam for each channel connecting the lagoon to the Adriatic Sea as a barrier against high tide. These construction works could represent an additional source of pollutants. PM₁₀ samples were taken on random days between 2007 and 2010 at three different sites: Punta Sabbioni, Chioggia and Malamocco, located near the respective dam construction worksites. Chemical analyses of V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb in PM₁₀ samples were performed by Inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) and results were used to identify the main aerosol sources. The correlation of measured data with meteorology, and source apportionment, failed to highlight a contribution specifically associated to the emissions of the MOSE construction works. The comparison of the measurements at the three sites showed a substantial homogeneity of metal concentrations in the area. Source apportionment with principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) showed that a four principal factors model could describe the sources of metals in PM₁₀. Three of them were assigned to specific sources in the area and one was characterised as a source of mixed origin (anthropogenic and crustal). A specific anthropogenic source of PM₁₀ rich in Ni and Cr, active at the Chioggia site, was also identified.     

TiO2改性银铝催化剂选择性丙烯还原NOx硫失活机制研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备4%Ag/Al2O3、4%Ag/10%TiO2-Al2O3催化剂.利用N2物理吸附、氮氧化物/二氧化硫程序升温脱附(NOx/SO2-TPD)以及普通/原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR/DRIFTs)对催化剂进行表征,并探讨催化剂在含硫气氛前后选择性还原NOx活性的变化及中毒机理.结果表明在4%Ag/Al2O3催化剂中掺杂10%TiO2能提高催化剂的中低温活性以及在400℃下抗SO2中毒的能力.TiO2引入后可促进甲酸盐物种的形成从而有利于低温反应的进行;SO2与NO在同一活性位上出现的竞争吸附以及活性组分Ag的硫酸化是4%Ag/Al2O3催化剂失活的重要原因;TiO2的加入能促进NO在催化剂表面的吸附并能减弱其对SO2的吸附,同时能有效抑制活性组分Ag的硫酸化,从而提高催化剂的抗硫性.     

Spatial distribution of hexazinone and metabolites in a luvisolic soil

Abstract

The spatial distribution of hexazinone and two primary metabolites were measured in forest soil for two years following the aerial application of a granular formulation, PRONONE 10G, in northern Alberta. Residues were quantified using solid‐phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography. Initial deposition rates of two hexazinone treatments averaged 2.3 ± 0.5 and 4.1 ± 0.8 kg/ha for each triplicated plots. One year after application, residues of hexazinone averaged 0.25 ± 0.09 and 0.40 ± 0.02 kg/ha in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment, respectively, in the 0–10 cm surface soil; and were distributed vertically in soil depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm at ratios of 10:11:2 and 10:5:2, respectively, in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment. Metabolites A and B amounted to 15 and 30% of hexazinone, respectively. Two years after application, the vertical movement of hexazinone in soil was quantifiable to the 40‐cm depth in both 2.3‐ and 4.1‐kg/ha treatment plots. Trace amounts of hexazinone were detected at 130 cm only in the 2.3‐kg/ha plot, which is likely due to the more freely downward movement of hexazinone to deeper horizons along decayed root channels.     

天津市1月份大气PM10中酞酸酯的污染

酞酸酯是环境中广泛存在的一种塑料增塑剂,大气中的酞酸酯会随着呼吸进入人体,对人体产生危害.采用超声提取,气相色谱-质谱联用的方法分析了天津市2010年1月15-19日7个采样点大气PM10中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸苄基丁基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛基酯(DOP)6种酞酸酯的污染.结果表明,除了BBP的回收率为77.62%之外,其他5种物质的回收率均在80%以上,基本满足分析要求.采样期间天津市大气PM10中酞酸酯以DBP和DEHP为主.从空间变化来看,DBP和DEHP点位均值分别为12.6(红桥,交通稠密区)～39.68 ng·m-3(北辰,工业区)和80.2(红桥,交通稠密区)～283.13 ng·m-3(昆程园,居住区); 从时间变化来看,DBP和DEHP日均值分别为24.65～40.58 ng·m-3和155.55～283.48 ng·m-3,其日均最大值均出现在有雾的采样日. 与国内其他城市相比,DBP的质量浓度较低,而DEHP的质量浓度则相对较高; DMP、DEP、BBP及DOP 4种物质均有检出,但质量浓度较低,质量浓度变化范围分别为nd～7.90 ng·m-3、nd～12.79 ng·m-3、nd～0.92 ng·m-3和nd～12.20 ng·m-3.     

Effects of DDT and piperonyl butoxide on the metabolic alterations in pigeon (columba livia)

Abstract

Effect of acute doses of technical grade of dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT) and piperonyl butoxide (PB) on hepatic micro‐somal cytochrome P₄₅₀ (Cyt. P450) and cytosolic glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity in pigeon were studied after 24 hours of treatment. A completely reverse trend of changes in Cyt. P450 and GST activity were found as increase in Cyt. ?450 paralleled with decrease in GST activity following exposure to DDT. However, intensity of changes in Cyt. P450 was greater than that of GST. A dose dependent decrease in Cyt. ?450 and GST activity was observed after PB treatment. The study may, therefore, throw some light on metabolic alterations in wild birds resulting from environmental pollution by DDT and allied chemicals.