Spatial distribution of hexazinone and metabolites in a luvisolic soil

Abstract

The spatial distribution of hexazinone and two primary metabolites were measured in forest soil for two years following the aerial application of a granular formulation, PRONONE 10G, in northern Alberta. Residues were quantified using solid‐phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography. Initial deposition rates of two hexazinone treatments averaged 2.3 ± 0.5 and 4.1 ± 0.8 kg/ha for each triplicated plots. One year after application, residues of hexazinone averaged 0.25 ± 0.09 and 0.40 ± 0.02 kg/ha in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment, respectively, in the 0–10 cm surface soil; and were distributed vertically in soil depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm at ratios of 10:11:2 and 10:5:2, respectively, in 2.3 and 4.1 kg/ha treatment. Metabolites A and B amounted to 15 and 30% of hexazinone, respectively. Two years after application, the vertical movement of hexazinone in soil was quantifiable to the 40‐cm depth in both 2.3‐ and 4.1‐kg/ha treatment plots. Trace amounts of hexazinone were detected at 130 cm only in the 2.3‐kg/ha plot, which is likely due to the more freely downward movement of hexazinone to deeper horizons along decayed root channels.     

天津市1月份大气PM10中酞酸酯的污染

酞酸酯是环境中广泛存在的一种塑料增塑剂,大气中的酞酸酯会随着呼吸进入人体,对人体产生危害.采用超声提取,气相色谱-质谱联用的方法分析了天津市2010年1月15-19日7个采样点大气PM10中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸苄基丁基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛基酯(DOP)6种酞酸酯的污染.结果表明,除了BBP的回收率为77.62%之外,其他5种物质的回收率均在80%以上,基本满足分析要求.采样期间天津市大气PM10中酞酸酯以DBP和DEHP为主.从空间变化来看,DBP和DEHP点位均值分别为12.6(红桥,交通稠密区)～39.68 ng·m-3(北辰,工业区)和80.2(红桥,交通稠密区)～283.13 ng·m-3(昆程园,居住区); 从时间变化来看,DBP和DEHP日均值分别为24.65～40.58 ng·m-3和155.55～283.48 ng·m-3,其日均最大值均出现在有雾的采样日. 与国内其他城市相比,DBP的质量浓度较低,而DEHP的质量浓度则相对较高; DMP、DEP、BBP及DOP 4种物质均有检出,但质量浓度较低,质量浓度变化范围分别为nd～7.90 ng·m-3、nd～12.79 ng·m-3、nd～0.92 ng·m-3和nd～12.20 ng·m-3.     

Effects of DDT and piperonyl butoxide on the metabolic alterations in pigeon (columba livia)

Abstract

Effect of acute doses of technical grade of dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT) and piperonyl butoxide (PB) on hepatic micro‐somal cytochrome P₄₅₀ (Cyt. P450) and cytosolic glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity in pigeon were studied after 24 hours of treatment. A completely reverse trend of changes in Cyt. P450 and GST activity were found as increase in Cyt. ?450 paralleled with decrease in GST activity following exposure to DDT. However, intensity of changes in Cyt. P450 was greater than that of GST. A dose dependent decrease in Cyt. ?450 and GST activity was observed after PB treatment. The study may, therefore, throw some light on metabolic alterations in wild birds resulting from environmental pollution by DDT and allied chemicals.     

PM10中重金属的健康风险评估及修正方法比较

通过对华南某电子垃圾拆解区PM₁₀中重金属含量特征分析,计算该地区的人群暴露量,评估人群健康风险,并引入靶器官毒性剂量法（TTD）和证据权重法（WOE）对常规评估方法的非致癌健康风险进行修正,比较探讨3种方法对非致癌健康风险评估结果的影响.结果表明：研究区域夏,冬季节的非致癌和致癌健康风险均为：儿童>成年女性>成年男性,重金属Ni对人群可能存在致癌风险（ILCR在10^-6~10^-4之间）.其中,Cr,Pb,Cd和As 4种重金属（类金属）对成年男性的非致癌健康风险值为3.05×10^-2,经TTD法和WOE法修正后为5.41×10^-2和5.4×10^-1,表明当综合考虑重金属作用的靶器官及重金属间的相互作用时,PM₁₀中重金属的非致癌健康风险值高于常规方法.     

异常性检测算法在引信干扰信号识别中的应用

目的 解决传统分类引信抗干扰算法因干扰信号难获取、特征信号样本少、正负样本数不平衡而导致计算精度低的问题,克服引信抗干扰算法对样本的依赖性,并提高引信信号识别准确率。方法 通过WVD时频变换的方法,将拆分后的真实含扰引信信号切片进行重组,使其由一维时序信号向二维图片信息进行扩展,基于数据倍增策略,提升算法泛化性,并降低其对真实数据样本的依赖。融合GANomaly与EfficientNet网络,在扩充的引信数据集上进行线下干扰信号特征学习,并对含扰引信图像数据进行线上异常性判断与干扰信号识别。结果 GE-FS网络能够在真实引信小样本信号的基础上进行有效数据扩充,基于扩充数据训练后,引信含扰识别准确率达到98.4%。结论 GE-FS网络能有效针对引信异常信号进行精确检测与识别,可以增强引信系统的抗干扰能力与作战自适应性。     

小口径速射自动炮内膛镶嵌Ta-10W内衬的性能试验研究

目的 提高小口径速射自动炮内膛易损部位的抗烧蚀磨损性能,延长炮管使用寿命,提升小口径速射自动炮的作战效能。方法 研制镶嵌Ta-10W内衬的身管衬套和调节塞,在某小口径导气式转膛自动炮上进行实弹射击试验,测试弹丸炮口初速、射频以及被试品关键尺寸磨损量,并与采用全炮钢被试品的试验结果进行对比,评价内膛镶嵌Ta-10W内衬对提升炮管寿命的效果。结果 自动炮镶嵌Ta-10W内衬,在射击580发炮弹后,身管衬套阳线、阴线内表面以及调节塞导气孔直径磨损量分别较全炮钢减小了57.14%、40.00%、91.23%,而弹丸初速和射频变化量也分别较全炮钢减小了82.56%和93.33%。结论 内膛镶嵌Ta-10W内衬的方法克服了钽及其合金炮膛易损部位钢基体表面涂层容易脱落的问题,能够大幅度提高内膛易损部位的抗烧蚀磨损能力,为小口径速射自动炮延寿设计提供了新的技术途径。     

Is gold a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements?

This paper assesses the role of gold as a hedge or safe haven against oil price movements. We use an approach based on copulas to analyse the dependence structure between these two markets. Empirical evidence for weekly data from January 2000 to September 2011 revealed the following: (a) there is positive and significant average dependence between gold and oil, which would indicate that gold cannot hedge against oil price movements; and (b) there is tail independence between the two markets, indicating that gold can act as an effective safe haven against extreme oil price movements. These results are useful for both portfolio risk managers and designers of policies aimed at using gold to preserve or stabilise oil exporter purchasing power.     

Assessment of natural components of PM10 at UK urban and rural sites

Proposals from the European Commission have raised the possibility that Member States may be able to subtract the concentrations of natural components of airborne particulate matter from measured concentrations when evaluating compliance with EU Limit Values. By applying the pragmatic mass closure model [Harrison et al., 2003. A pragmatic mass closure model for airborne particulate matter at urban background and roadside sites. Atmospheric Environment 37, 4927–4933] to chemical composition data for PM₁₀, it has been possible to estimate the concentrations of natural sea salt, strongly bound water and secondary organic carbon (which is assumed wholly biogenic) to the measured mass of PM₁₀. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic crustal dusts, the contribution of natural windblown dust and soil has not been accounted for. When the natural components are estimated for two urban and one rural site in the UK, the long-term mean PM₁₀ concentration is reduced by between 5.2 and 7.3 μg m⁻³. The number of exceedences of the 50 μg m⁻³ 24-h limit value falls dramatically from 54 to 21 (from a total of 291 days) at an urban street canyon site, 7 to 3 (n=292 days) at an urban background site and from 8 to 0 (n=241 days) at a rural site when using gravimetric PM₁₀ concentrations. The calculations have also been performed using PM₁₀ concentrations measured by TEOM increased by a factor of 1.3 as recommended by the European Commission as an interim means of estimating gravimetric equivalency, and the number of exceedences of the 24-h limit value fell from 92 to 47 (from a total of 291 days) at the urban street canyon site, from 11 to 3 (n=292 days) at the urban background site and from 6 to 3 (n=241) at the rural site. Clearly, therefore, application of this proposed measure would make a very major difference to the likelihood of compliance or otherwise with the 24-h limit value for PM₁₀.     

颗粒物中苯并噻唑及其衍生物的污染特征及暴露评价

在城市内选取包括城市背景空气、市区以小型客车为主的路边和大量大型货车通行的3个路边采样点进行了空气中PM_2.5和PM₁₀的采集,建立了利用超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱仪（UPLC-MS/MS）对颗粒物中苯并噻唑及其5种衍生物（BT、2-NH₂-BT、2-OH-BT、MBT、MTBT）的检测方法,并对其污染特征及暴露风险进行了分析.结果显示,3点位PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品中均为BT的浓度最高,占总浓度的44.4%~55.2%;各化合物浓度呈路边环境高于城市背景环境,表明高制动频率导致路边空气中含有较多的轮胎磨损颗粒物;除2-NH₂-BT外,其它4种BTs化合物与PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度之间具有较好的线性关系,表明二者具有相同的来源;各化合物在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中浓度的比值（PM_2.5/PM₁₀）范围为0.41~0.95,说明BTs更易于富集在较细颗粒物中或轮胎磨损排放的细颗粒较多.暴露评价结果显示,路边工作者对BTs的日呼吸暴露量大于其他人,可能具有更高的健康风险其中BT的贡献量最大.     

顾及空间自相关性的高分遥感影像中建设用地的变化检测

在中国城市化的进程中,建设用地常常连片分布,其开发在空间上具有明显的聚集性,表现出较强的空间自相关性,这在高空间分辨率的遥感图像中更加明显。基于2016年、2017年两期南京市域内的北京2号3.2 m多光谱遥感图像,对比分析了引入变化向量的空间自相关指数作为图像特征后建设用地遥感变化检测的性能。首先提取遥感图像光谱变化向量的局部G指数、Moran's I和Geary's C三个典型空间自相关指数,然后确定适用于变化检测的最优空间间隔（Lag）范围和最优自相关指数。结果表明：（1）光谱变化向量在空间上具有显著的正相关性。（2）全局Moran's I和半方差函数相结合可以确定最优的Lag范围。（3）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入局部G指数和局部Moran's I能够提高检测精度,F1分数表明前者优于后者。（4）在光谱变化向量的基础上加入最优Lag范围内的局部G指数作为附加图像特征,F1分数比只使用光谱变化向量提高了20%以上。融合空间自相关信息,特别是多尺度局部G指数作为遥感图像特征可有效地提高连片区域建设用地的变化检测精度。