钛合金ZrN耐磨抗冲蚀防护涂层

采用真空多弧镀设备在TC11钛舍金表面沉积超硬耐磨ZrN防护涂层,通过增压气流固体颗粒冲蚀实验评价ZrN涂层的耐磨抗冲蚀性能,划痕仪测试涂层与基体的结合力,SEM、X射线分析涂层组成及观察涂层冲蚀前后表面形貌,盐雾及电化学实验测试涂层耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,ZrN涂层成分主要为（111）择优取向的ZrN相;ZrN涂层不影响钛合金的耐腐蚀性能及疲劳性能;ZrN涂层与基体结合牢固．涂层大大提高了基体的耐磨抗冲蚀性能。     

Long memory in energy futures markets: Further evidence

This paper investigates long memory (or long-range dependence) in price returns and volatilities of energy futures contracts with different maturities. Based on a modified rescaled range analysis and three local Whittle methods, the results from rolling sample test suggest that the returns showed little or no long-range dependence over time but the volatilities displayed significant time-varying long-range dependence. Our evidence shows that some extreme events could cause long memory in returns and volatilities, leading to market inefficiency. Employing multiscale analysis, we find that the returns displayed no long-range dependence for any of the chosen time scales. Significant long-range dependence only existed in volatilities for daily time scales but not for monthly or yearly time scales.     

Strictly protected areas are not necessarily more effective than areas in which multiple human uses are permitted

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies protected areas into six categories, ranging from strict nature reserves to areas where multiple human uses are permitted. In the past, many researchers have questioned the effectiveness of multiple-use areas, fueling an unresolved debate regarding their conservation value. The literature so far has been inconclusive: although several studies have found that strictly protected areas are more effective, others have found the opposite, and yet others that the two types do not differ. To help resolve this debate, we reviewed the literature on protected areas and conducted our own analysis using > 19 000 terrestrial protected areas worldwide. We found that the differences between strictly protected areas and areas in which multiple human uses are permitted are often small and not statistically significant. Although the effectiveness of protected areas worldwide varies, other factors, besides their assigned IUCN category, are likely to be driving this pattern.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01426-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基于G1-独立性权数法的热带海岛环境真空断路器状态评估

目的 提高热带海岛环境下真空断路器状态评估方法的全面性和准确性,为高温、高湿、高辐照、高盐雾气候环境下真空断路器的差异化运维和状态检修提供有效的数据基础.方法 统计分析热带海岛地区电力设备的缺陷类型和原因,构建断路器的环境状态评价指标,实现真空断路器的综合评价指标体系的拓展.采用序关系分析法(G1)和独立性权数法组合赋权,实现断路器运行状态的综合评估.结果 通过实例分析验证了此真空断路器评估方法的可行性,G1-独立性权数法综合考虑了专家主观经验及指标数据客观规律,能够降低指标间重复性信息对断路器评估结果的不利影响.结论 G1-独立性权数法有效计及了真空断路器所处的环境状态,综合考虑了主观经验和客观规律,能够减小指标间重复信息所导致的指标权重误差,保证了热带海岛环境下真空断路器评估结果的客观性和准确性.     

杭州G20减排措施对大气水溶性离子特征的影响

利用2016年颗粒物及水溶性离子采样数据,研究了杭州G20峰会减排措施对大气中无机水溶性离子特征的影响.结果表明,杭州G20峰会减排措施对大气水溶性离子的质量浓度、组成结构、酸碱性等皆存在明显影响.减排措施实施使大气颗粒物和水溶性离子质量浓度下降,受影响的离子主要是NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₂^-,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-质量浓度的下降使NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-成为浓度前3位的离子.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺粒径分布呈单峰型,其中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺峰值出现在0.65~1.10mm,Ca²⁺峰值出现在5.80~9.00mm,Na⁺、Cl^-、K⁺呈双峰分布,峰值皆出现在3.30~4.70mm和0.65~1.10mm,Na⁺两峰值相当,K⁺、Cl^-在0.65~1.10mm峰值较高.减排措施实施使大气中主要无机盐从NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄Cl转变为NH₄Cl、NaCl、KCl,大气颗粒物碱性总体增强.本文研究成果对采取措施改善空气质量具有指导作用.     

Fe3O4/CeO2复合材料催化降解橙黄G的效能及降解途径

为研究磁性纳米Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料在高浓度难降解有机废水处理中的应用,利用共沉淀法制备Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料,并将其作为非均相类Fenton催化剂降解橙黄G染料废水,利用单因素法优化出最佳降解工艺,同时利用TOF-MS/MS(飞行时间质谱)检测降解中间产物,推测出可能降解途径.结果表明,当Ce/Fe为1 :1(质量比)时制备的Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料催化效果最佳.最佳降解工艺条件:初始pH为2.0,温度为30 ℃,H₂O₂投加量为30 mmol/L,Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料的投加量为2.0 g/L,初始ρ(橙黄G)为50 mg/L.在最佳降解工艺条件下反应120 min后,橙黄G去除率为96.2%,TOC去除率为65.0%,Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料至少可重复利用6次.研究显示,橙黄G降解主要有三条可能的降解途径,包括偶氮键断裂、偶氮键与苯环断开、脱磺酸基、羟基化以及开环等过程,共检测出八种可能的降解中间产物,主要有苯胺、苯酚、萘酚以及羧酸等.      

典型区域土壤中PCB-11的污染特征

利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法研究了土壤中PCB-11（3,3＇-二氯联苯,CAS 2050-67-1）的污染特征和分布规律,探讨了土壤中PCB-11的污染来源.结果表明,我国一般城市地区（天津、鞍山）和电子垃圾拆解地周边土壤中PCB-11的检出率为100%,PCB-11可能广泛存在于土壤介质中.天津、鞍山、电子垃圾...     

Dynamic relationship between precious metals

We use a relatively new approach to endogenously detect the volatility shifts in the returns of four major precious metals (gold, silver, platinum and palladium) from 1999 to 2013. We reveal that the turbulent year of 2008 has no significant effect on volatility levels of gold and silver however causes an upward shift in the volatility levels of palladium and platinum. Using the consistent dynamic conditional correlations, we show that precious metals get strongly correlated with each other in the last decade which reduces the diversification benefits across them and indicates a convergence to a single asset class. We endogenously detect the shifts in these dynamic correlation levels and reveal uni-directional volatility shift contagions among precious metals. The results show that gold has a uni-directional volatility shift contagion effect on all other precious metals and silver has a similar effect on platinum and palladium. However, the latter two do not matter in terms of volatility shift contagion. Thus, investors that hedge with precious metals should, in particular, monitor the volatility levels of gold and silver.     

植物载体固定化无花果曲霉对直接冻黄G的脱色研究

利用植物载体丝瓜瓤对元花果曲霉进行固定,并对直接冻黄G进行脱色研究.同时考察了不同因素如菌龄、温度、pH、转速对直接冻黄G的脱色影响.试验结果表明:三龄菌丝脱色效果最佳,该菌在30℃、pH 6.0、90r/min的振荡条件下,经12 h它对直接冻黄G的脱色达到最佳效果.固定化细胞经8次脱色后,脱色率仍达94%以上.因此用丝瓜瓤固定无花果曲霉对处理染料污染废水具有较好的应用前景.     

广州市主要污染物总量减排环境绩效评价

“十一五”期间,广州市主要污染物COD和SO2排放总量持续下降,经初步核算,2010年COD和S02排放量分别比2005年下降2．7万吨和6．5万吨,减排比例分别达到19．7％和43％,总量减排工作顺利完成。减排对环境改善明显,珠江广州河段主要污染指标浓度值均有所下降,COD年均浓度从2005的20．7毫克／升下降至2010年的13．6毫克／升,下降幅度达34．3％,整体水环境质量得到根本好转;空气环境质量优良率逐年上升,大气主要污染指标年均浓度值基本呈现逐年下降的态势,SO2从2005年年平均浓度为0．053毫克／立方米下降至2010年的0．033毫克／立方米,下降幅度达37．7％,空气质量持续得到好转。