Water,Adaptation, and Property Rights on the Snake and Klamath Rivers1

Abstract: Water demand in a viable economy tends to be dynamic: it changes over time in response to growth, drought, and social policy. Institutional capacity to re‐allocate water between users and uses under stress from multiple sources is a key concern. Climate change threatens to add to those stresses in snowmelt systems by changing the timing of runoff and possibly increasing the severity and duration of drought. This article examines Snake and Klamath River institutions for their ability to resolve conflict induced by demand growth, drought, and environmental constraints on water use. The study finds that private ownership of water rights has been a major positive factor in successful adaptation, by providing the basis for water marketing and by promoting the use of negotiation and markets rather than politics to resolve water conflict.     

The transatlantic rift in genetically modified food policy

The regulatory structures underlying United States and European Union policies regarding genetically modified (GM) food and crops are fundamentally different. The US regulates GM foods and crops as end products, applying roughly the same regulatory framework that it does to non GM foods or crops. The EU, on the other hand, regulates products of agricultural biotechnology as the result of a specific production process. Accordingly, it has developed a network of rules that regulate GM foods and crops specifically. As a result, US regulation of GM foods and crops is relatively permissive, whereas EU regulation is relatively restrictive. Why are genetically modified food policies in the United States and the European Union so strikingly different? In the light of the recent World Trade Organization dispute on agricultural biotechnology, it may seem that economic interests are the driving force behind policies. While they are certainly part of the picture, the issue is far more complex. This paper argues that three different elements help explain differences between US and EU GM food policies. First, an investigation of US and European policies of the 1970s and 1980s on recombinant DNA research and of events leading up to early GM food and crop regulation allows a deeper understanding of current policy. Second, scrutinizing underlying values and norms can uncover the beliefs that condition current GM food and crop policy. Third, an analysis of involved actors’ views and levels of success in influencing policy is essential to understanding US and EU policies.     

论水污染物排放许可证制度的法律规制——《中华人民共和国行政许可法》在水污染防治中的作用

我国部分地方规定了水污染物排放许可证制度,由于此类法律文件法律效力的低层级性,制约着水污染防治的司法与执法实践。提高设定该制度法律文件效力位阶,不仅可以解决调整该制度法制不统一状况,而且为其进行法律规制提供了直接、具体的法律依据。对促使排污主体科学、合理排污将起到积极作用。     

公用事业民营化及其环境行为政府管制的研究

公用事业民营化的目的是在公用事业行业引入民间资本和市场竞争模式,提高公共产品服务的产出质量和效率。以电力行业的民营化为例,电力市场对于民营企业的开放能够在很大程度上提高我国电力生产水平．解决当前电力供求关系紧张的问题。但是,大量民营企业介入电力生产,由于其技术落后而导致的资源浪费以及污染物的无序排放给我国的环境保护带来了新的困扰。我们应该在科学发展观和构建社会主义和谐社会的目标指引下,加强政府对于电力企业等公用事业民营化企业生产经营活动的法律管制,同时加强和完善相关的环境立法,达到公用事业积极发展和环境保护目标实现的双赢目标。     

CEMS检测平台流场效应研究与工程设计

本研究项目设计了小型立式环型风洞系统和流场模拟两套实验装置。用工程流体力学实验的方法，对系统内气体压力、流量变化的调节控制方法、通风机的能量消耗，以及在检测平台系统工作段形成均匀流动流场的设计方法等工程实际问题，进行了一系列的试验研究。在试验研究的基础上确定了检测平台系统的设计方案。     

EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ON FARM INCOME,RISK, AND NPS POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Enforceable standards play a crucial role in the design and implementation of most water quality policies. The impacts of these standards on farm income and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution can provide valuable information to develop economic policies that can improve water quality with minimal loss in income and minimal risk. This study uses an integration of nonlinear programming and a simulation model to assess the impacts of enforceable standards at technology and farm boundary levels. The results indicate that the type of pollutant regulated, enforcement type, and the level of standard had a significant impact on farm income and water quality. Choice of farm boundary standards over technology standards is dependent on the impact of the policy on other NPS pollutants, in addition to the reduction of nitrate and phosphorus pollutants. Enforcing farm boundary standards on nitrates had desirable effects on subsurface and percolate nitrogen and variance in income. Technology standards were uncertain in their effects because of the restriction on the choice of technologies available to farmers. A comparative policy analysis considering incentives, multiple impacts, transaction costs of implementation, and regional consideration is important to an effective policy design.     

21世纪经济与环境协调发展全新思维模式的建立

学习科学发展观,很重要的内容是改变人们传统的思维方式.传统的经济发展模式决定了传统的思维模式,21世纪的经济发展突飞猛进,科学发展观要求建立新的思维模式.介绍了4种思维方式:从"信息公开"与"人权"的概念出发,树立"规制"的思维模式,全方位变革人们的工作方法;从先进文化的高度,进行"绿色"思维,把经济发展推进到一个新的层次;从哲学角度,超越原有的规范,建立在竞争基础上不断合作的"整合"思维模式;从"以人为本"的理念出发,进行"协同"思维,深层次解决经济与环境的发展问题.      

Spatial Distribution of Sables in the Middle Ob Region

Results of stationary studies on the spatial location of sables (Martes zibellinaL.) belonging to different age and sex groups are summarized. Mapping the sites where 388 animals were taken, it was found that young animals tended to live near floodplains; adult animals, on watersheds. Analysis of sables taken by commercial hunters (n= 1833) made it possible to estimate the age composition and the degree and spatial distribution of the hunting pressure on sable populations in three areas of the Ob region. The spatial separation of young and reproductive animals is interpreted as a group adaptive response to the specific distribution pattern of different habitats typical of this species and to the pattern of animal elimination. It is proposed to use the specific pattern of animal distribution for maintaining the size of the population that is subject to hunting. Specifically, reserve (reproductive) territories should be organized in watershed areas.     

对《太原市清洁生产条例》若干问题的分析

对我国第一部清洁生产法规——《太原市清洁生产条例》,从立法的必要性、清洁生产的内涵、自愿与强制性行为、企业清洁生产管理机制、污染关系主体进行了分析,并对《条例》的实施问题进行了讨论。     

冶金企业环保设施管理

论述冶金企业搞好环保设施管理的意义,提出了一些管理的办法。