两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响

在实验室模拟研究根系发达的沉水植物狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)和无固定根的沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)对上覆水、间隙水中各形态磷的浓度及含量比例的影响,探讨不同根系特征的沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响.结果表明,狐尾藻和金鱼藻生长期对上覆水和间隙水中各溶解态磷的浓度有较大的影响:(1)狐尾藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为7.0%、11.7%、3.5%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为20.8%、12.5%、48.4%;(2)金鱼藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为30.3%、54.9%、13.2%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为19.3%、3.8%、30.4%;(3)狐尾藻组、金鱼藻组、对照组上覆水中SRP含量比例较初始状态分别减少了13.0%、34.0%、-0.9%,PP分别增加了18.2%、33.1%、4.2%,DOP分别增加了7.2%、17.68%、-4.35%.研究结果可为同类富营养化湖泊生态修复提供理论指导.     

红壤不同粒级组分中砷的形态——基于连续分级提取和XANES研究

土壤固相由不同大小的土壤颗粒构成.研究砷在土壤不同粒级组分中的形态,有助于深入了解土壤中砷的生物有效性、移动性及其环境风险.本文以砷吸附能力很强的红壤为研究对象,采用传统化学提取法研究了砷在各粒级组分（50～250μm,5～50μm,1～5μm和〈1μm）中的含量和形态,并采用X射线吸收近边结构（XANES）光谱法表征...     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

兰州城关区冬春季PM10的化学组分和来源分析

为了解兰州市城关区冬春季PM10的来源,利用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定了PM10中全样和水溶性Ti、V、Cr、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Sb、Pb、Ba、Mg 、Al和Fe元素的浓度.研究结果表明,兰州市城关区冬春季PM10中这些全样和水溶性元素的总浓度均表现为冬季高于春季,且除部分地壳元素(Al...     

Effect of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter on toxicity and bioavailability of copper to lettuce

To clarify the e ects of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper (Cu) to plants, DOM extracted from chicken manure was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to their molecular weights by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration technique. Lettuce seeds were germinated by being exposed to the solutions containing Cu2+ with or without di erent fractions of DOM. The concentration of copper in roots, leaves, sprouts and the length of roots were investigated. The results showed that not all fractions of DOM could improve copper availability or toxicity. The fraction of DOM with larger molecular weight more than 1 kDa had higher complexation stability with Cu2+ and caused lower concentration of free Cu2+ ion in the solution of copper plus the fraction, resulting in lower availability and toxicity of copper to lettuce, but the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa had the opposite function. Therefore, the molecular weight of 1 kDa may be the division point to determine DOM to increase or decrease copper availability and toxicity.     

广州城区秋季大气PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子分析

分别在广州市中心城区高楼顶(距地50m)和交通干线路边(距地1.2m),于2006年秋季连续一周采集了大气PM2.5样品,对比分析了SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、F-、Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+等9种水溶性无机离子含量。结果表明,楼顶相对充分混合大气中PM2.5的质量浓度范围59.5～129.5μg/m3,均值为83.7μg/m3;交通干线路边大气PM2.5的质量浓度范围为108.4～132.2μg/m3,均值为121.1μg/m3。9种离子总浓度平均达到50.9(楼顶)和44.1(路边)μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的60.8%(楼顶)和36.4%(路边)。SO42-和NO3-为水溶性无机离子主要组成,其占PM2.5质量浓度的比例均是楼顶高于路边,显示二次气溶胶对楼顶充分混合大气中PM2.5有较大贡献,而路边样品中一次来源贡献相对较大。计算表明采样期间海盐对广州大气PM2.5中的水溶性组分贡献较小。NH4+当量浓度远小于SO42-和NO3-的当量浓度,中和度远1,反映PM2.5酸性较强,且楼项PM2.5粒子酸性高于路边样品。     

镁盐添加对猪粪堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响

考察了添加氯化镁对猪粪高温堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响.结果表明,高温堆肥结束后,同对照堆体相比(氨气形态的氮素损失量为56.60g),添加镁盐的堆体(氨气形态的氮素损失量为24.25 g)减少了58%的氯气排放量;并且添加镁盐的堆体比对照堆体的总氮(TN)含量高出18%.分级磷的研究结果显示,尽管添加镁盐的堆体与对照堆体的总磷(TP)浓度接近,其中镁盐堆体TP为14.2 g/kg,对照堆体TP为12.0 g/kg,但添加镁盐有助于保留猪粪堆肥中的磷素,其中对照堆体中易溶解态磷占总磷的比例从30%提高到65%,而添加镁盐的堆体易溶解态磷的比例变化不大,保持在30%.添加镁盐的堆体中生成了含有磷酸镁的混合晶体,这可能是易溶解态磷比例减少的主要原因.     

风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的解吸特征影响

采用平衡解吸法研究了风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的解吸特征影响。结果表明,去除腐殖质后的风沙土氨氮解吸比例增加（由0.58增加到0.68）,同时,解吸迟滞性指数显著降低（由0.067降低到0.021）,说明腐殖质是影响风沙土氨氮解吸特征的重要因素;氨氮在轻组有机组分上的表面分配作用吸附是导致解吸比例增大,解吸迟滞性指数减小的原因;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质（胡敏素）对氨氮的解吸起关键作用,它不但解吸比例较低（Dr=0.23）,而且解吸迟滞性指数较大（TⅡ=0.458）;氨氮在紧结态和稳结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体颗粒微孔隙中的不可逆吸附是导致解吸比例降低、解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因;考查土壤对氨氮的解吸特征不但要考虑有机质的含量,更要考虑有机质的存在形态,它也是影响土壤氨氮解吸特征的重要因素,轻组有机组分、重组有机组分及重组有机组分中的稳结态加紧结态腐殖质（HⅡ＋HⅢ组）和紧结态腐殖质（HⅢ组）携载的吸附态氨氮进入水体后,对上覆水体的扩散通量可分别按其饱和吸附量的0.94、0.58、0.33和0.23倍估算。     

利用蒸散比和气温模拟藏北高寒草甸的光能利用效率

光能利用效率(light use efficiency,LUE)是指初级生产力与植被冠层吸收的光合有效辐射(absorbed photosynthetically active radiation,APAR)之比,对LUE的准确定量化模拟是定量化模拟初级生产力的基础。研究利用一个基于通量观测的LUE模型(EC-LUE)模拟了2004-2005年藏北高寒草甸的LUE,该模型的参数只有蒸散比(Evaporative Fraction,EF)和气温(air temperature,T_a),EF和T_a分别为最大光能利用效率(maximum light use efficiency,LUE_max)的水分和温度胁迫因子,在研究中LUE_max取0.85 g C/MJ。EF和T_a对LUE_max的胁迫作用存在两种方式:连乘方式和最小限制因子方式,这两种方式模拟的光能利用效率分别记为LUE_multipEC和LUE_minEC,并与通量观测数据估算的LUE(LUE_EC)进行了比较。结果表明,LUE_minEC显著高估了LUE_EC,而LUE_EC和LUE_{multipEC差异不显著;LUEmultipEC和LUEminEC分别解释了89%以上LUEEC的季节变化;EF显著地解释了土壤表层含水量、 比湿,且在一定程度上解释了相对湿度的季节变化;相对于水分胁迫因子,温度胁迫因子更能够解释LUEEC的季节变化。因此,EC-LUE模型可以定量化高寒草甸LUE的季节变化,同时EF可以定量化高寒草甸生态系统水分状况的季节变化。}