南水北调典型受水区浅层地下水水化学特征及成因

以邯郸黑龙港平原作为典型受水区,运用描述性统计、Piper图、离子比例分析、饱和指数和氯碱指数等方法,开展浅层地下水水化学变化特征及其成因分析研究.结果表明:南水北调中线工程通水后浅层地下水总体上由咸水向微咸水转化,浅层地下水水质的改善与水位恢复存在密切的相关性;6月和12月浅层地下水主要水化学类型分别是Na-SO₄-Cl型和Na-HCO₃型.蒸发岩(岩盐、石膏和芒硝)和碳酸盐岩矿物(方解石和白云石)的溶解/沉淀作用控制着浅层地下水主要离子浓度的变化.大部分区域发生了正向阳离子交换作用,而地下水位降落漏斗区或钠离子浓度相对富集区域则主要发生了反向离子交换作用.工业和生活污水排放、农业化肥使用可能在一定程度上造成部分浅层地下水的污染.研究结果对南水北调中线受水区地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.     

南水北调中线水源地陡坡型库岸生态屏障构建

丹江口水库陡坡型库岸曲折,沟谷深切,大坝加高后消落区面临植被消亡、生态退化等问题.恢复消落区植被,拦截阻滞沟谷径流,以及强化库湾净化能力是构建库岸生态屏障的基本途径.消落区植被恢复应根据淹水时间配置不同群落类型:高位区(165～170m)构建乔木-灌木-草本植物混交群落;在中位区(163.5～165 m)构建灌木-草本...     

Environmental Impact Evaluation Model for Industrial Processes

This paper proposes a model to evaluate the environmental impact of manufacturing processes. This model uses the potency factor approach to classify environmental impacts into five ecological health impact groups and uses their toxicological, cancer, and physical effects as the bases to rate the seven groups of human health impacts. The environmental impacts in each impact group are reported, and their hazard scores on ecological and human health are determined. The model also generates a single score for the overall environmental impacts of a process. This single score system helps to identify, among all the viable processes, which is the most environmentally friendly process. This model can serve as a tool to highlight the potential environmental hazards of process operations and to provide information about environmental performance for decision making. The model has been developed into a computer software program, Environmental Impact Evaluation System, and is demonstrated by using the processes employed for the manufacture of paper bags.     

The contribution of traumatic brain injury to the medical and economic outcomes of motor vehicle-related injuries in Ohio

Objective

To describe traumatic brain injury (TBI) among injured roadway users. Aim 1 assessed the association of age, gender, alcohol/drug use, safety equipment use, type of roadway user, metropolitan area, and primary payer with motor vehicle-related TBI outcome. Aim 2 assessed the relationship of motor vehicle-related TBI and risk/protective factors with medical and economic outcomes.

Methods

Population-level hospital and trauma databases from the Ohio Hospital Association and Ohio Department of Public Safety, respectively, were probabilistically linked for 2003 through 2006. Injured roadway users (motor vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and others) were assessed for TBI, ventilator use, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, injury severity score (ISS), need for rehabilitation, death, and total hospital charges.

Results

The odds of a motor vehicle-related TBI were greater among those not using safety equipment (OR = 1.56). The interactions of alcohol/drug use by gender and of alcohol/drug use by location were significant. Sustaining a TBI increased the odds of requiring ventilation (OR = 3.66), being admitted to the ICU (OR = 2.51), having a high ISS (OR = 4.24), requiring rehabilitation (OR = 2.22), or death (OR = 2.52). When compared with a non-TBI, total hospital charges increased by a factor of 1.35 for a TBI. Hospital charges were $46,441 on average for individuals who sustained a TBI, whereas mean hospital charges were $32,614 for patients with a non-TBI.

Conclusions

Among injured roadway users, individuals who sustain a TBI are more likely to require extensive medical care and have injuries resulting in death.

Impact on industry

Prevention strategies aimed at reducing alcohol use and increasing safety device use should be encouraged to reduce the burden of TBI.     

南水北调丹江口水库原水有机物分子组成规律及其强化混凝处理的效能对比

以取自南水北调中线工程的丹江口水库原水作为研究对象,考察了丹江口水库原水中有机物的分子量大小和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并确定了其所适用的强化混凝工艺条件.分离试验表明,丹江口原水中有机物主要以小分子量形式存在.其中,1 000组分的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254所占比例最大,分别为39.98%和39.10%,且此区间还具有最高的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP).亲疏水性方面,原水中弱疏水性组分含量最高,疏水性有机物的比例用DOC表征时超过80%.强疏水性组分含量最低但是强疏水性组分的THMFP最大,占总量的57.31%,而各组分的NDBPFP则相差不大.混凝试验表明,当采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS,4 mg·L-1)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM,0.4 mg·L-1)处理丹江口原水时,强化混凝效果最好,可实现较为有效的去除浊度(76.33%)、DOC(25.57%)、UV254(37.78%)及THMFP(23.16%).本研究成果可为南水北调河南受水区既有水厂升级改造与工艺的优化运行提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

南水北调丹江口水库水氯(胺)化消毒副产物产生特性与消毒工艺对比

系统研究了南水北调中线工程水源——丹江口水库水在氯(胺)化消毒条件下,常规消毒副产物的产生特性,考察了消毒方式、消毒剂投加量、接触时间、p H和溴离子浓度等因素的影响,并对消毒工艺参数进行了优化.结果发现,丹江口水库水经氯化消毒可产生三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷等常规含碳和较低浓度二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷等含氮消毒副产物,而氯胺化消毒仅产生三氯甲烷和三氯硝基甲烷等消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs).自由氯消毒过程产生的各类型DBPs浓度约为氯胺消毒的7.5倍,短时自由氯转氯胺方式DBPs产生量介于两者之间;随着自由氯投加量增加,各类型消毒副产物均呈现增加趋势,投加量大于2 mg·L-1后DBPs增加量较少.随氯胺投加量增加,三氯甲烷生成量变化不大,投加量大于2mg·L-1后可产生三氯硝基甲烷等副产物.随反应时间延长,自由氯的衰减速率明显大于氯胺,同时消毒副产物增长量明显快于氯胺消毒.随着p H升高,自由氯消毒后三卤甲烷含量呈现增加趋势,而氯胺消毒后变化不明显.随溴离子浓度的增加,自由氯和氯胺消毒后副产物类型均向溴代DBPs转变,同时总生成量明显增加,自由氯消毒DBPs增长量明显大于氯胺消毒过程.丹江口水库水采用氯胺化消毒可以降低消毒副产物的生成风险,如采用自由氯消毒方式,水厂需根据实际常规处理工艺重点控制自由氯的投加量等参数.     

引黄入晋工程对汾河水体真核微生物群落的影响

引黄入晋工程是缓解山西省水资源短缺,改善其生态环境的重大战略工程.真核微生物在维持水质稳定方面发挥着重要作用,然而,关于引水工程如何影响其群落动态变化以及导致这些变化的具体因素尚不明晰.本研究基于18S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,分别于间歇期与引黄期在汾河的受水河段和未受水河段5个位点采样,对水体真核微生物群落及其丰富（AT）和稀有（RT）群落动态进行了分析.结果表明,不同的采样时间和样点均显著影响了真核微生物群落的多样性指数,引黄期真核微生物多样性较低;相较于间歇期,引黄期淡色藻门（Ochrophyta）、绿藻门（Chlorophta）减少,节肢动物门（Arthropoda）和丝足虫门（Cercozoa）增加,共生网络较为简单,协同性增强,RT群落在网络中比例增加,异养生物在网络中比例增加;地理与环境因素共塑真核微生物群落动态,Bray-Curtis相似性与环境地理距离的相关性发现引黄期样点间空间异质性增强,AT与RT群落呈相似的距离衰减,AT群落受环境影响更小;冗余分析（RDA）表明间歇期和引黄期群落变异的主要驱动因素分别是电导率和地理距离;随机森林（Random Forest）结果显示与RT群落相比,AT群落与环境因子的相关性更弱,表明AT 群落对外部环境的干扰通常具有较强的抵抗力和恢复力.该研究表明,引黄入晋工程主要影响了汾河水生态系统的RT群落,而对维持生态系统功能和稳定性发挥重要作用的AT群落影响较小.     

Regulatory effectiveness and the long-run policy horizon: The case of U.S. toxic chemical use

This paper employs state-of-the-art time series analysis to examine the long-run economic and institutional drivers of toxic chemical use behavior in the U.S. Toxic chemicals are classified into growth, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), and kinked-growth chemicals, according to their long-run use trend behavior. Cointegration analysis shows that while some toxic chemicals have been successfully reduced by regulatory efforts, a majority of the toxic chemicals used in commercial products share a long-run equilibrium with national accounts and industrial production, suggesting that toxic chemical use has been largely driven by changes in GDP, industrial production, and private R&D investments, rather than by government regulations. Estimated structural break results indicate that the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, which created the Toxic Release Inventory has had impact on the consumptive use of more poisonous industrial chemicals than command-and-control regulations.