东平湖浮游动物对南水北调东线运行的时空响应

东平湖是南水北调东线工程输水线路下游的最后一个调蓄湖泊.为探究调水后的东平湖浮游动物时空响应,于2016—2017年对东平湖浮游动物进行了涵盖春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)、冬(1月)的4次调查,共检出浮游动物3类72种(属),其中,轮虫51种(70.83％)、枝角类11种(15.28％)、桡足类10种(13.8...     

南水北调丹江口水库原水有机物分子组成规律及其强化混凝处理的效能对比

以取自南水北调中线工程的丹江口水库原水作为研究对象,考察了丹江口水库原水中有机物的分子量大小和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并确定了其所适用的强化混凝工艺条件.分离试验表明,丹江口原水中有机物主要以小分子量形式存在.其中,1 000组分的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254所占比例最大,分别为39.98%和39.10%,且此区间还具有最高的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP).亲疏水性方面,原水中弱疏水性组分含量最高,疏水性有机物的比例用DOC表征时超过80%.强疏水性组分含量最低但是强疏水性组分的THMFP最大,占总量的57.31%,而各组分的NDBPFP则相差不大.混凝试验表明,当采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS,4 mg·L-1)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM,0.4 mg·L-1)处理丹江口原水时,强化混凝效果最好,可实现较为有效的去除浊度(76.33%)、DOC(25.57%)、UV254(37.78%)及THMFP(23.16%).本研究成果可为南水北调河南受水区既有水厂升级改造与工艺的优化运行提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

南水北调中线水源地陡坡型库岸生态屏障构建

丹江口水库陡坡型库岸曲折,沟谷深切,大坝加高后消落区面临植被消亡、生态退化等问题。恢复消落区植被,拦截阻滞沟谷径流,以及强化库湾净化能力是构建库岸生态屏障的基本途径。消落区植被恢复应根据淹水时间配置不同群落类型：高位区(165~170 m)构建乔木-灌木-草本植物混交群落;在中位区(163.5~165 m)构建灌木-草本植物混交群落;在低位区(160~163.5 m)构建草本植物群落。沟谷径流拦截阻滞的目的在于减少冲刷,主要技术措施有生态拦截坝、生态溪沟和微地形改造等。库湾水体通过风车驱动的水循环系统增强流动性,同时配套生态塘等净化措施,防控富营养化风险。技术方法的实施包括基础资料收集、现场勘察、问题分析、工程措施布局、工程设计和运行监测等步骤。羊山库岸的应用案例表明,构建的措施体系对TSS去除率大于90.4%,对TN去除率大于46.8%,对TP去除率大于55.3%,能够减少TSS输出量112 t·a⁻¹,减少TN输出量19 kg·a⁻¹,减少TP输出量11 kg·a⁻¹。上述研究结果可为南水北调中线水源地生态屏障构建提供依据,亦可为我国其它水库库岸生态建设提供借鉴和参考。     

The effects of pricing waste generation: A synthetic control approach

To internalize pollution externalities into household waste generation, Unit Pricing Systems (UPS) have been adopted worldwide. This paper evaluates the causal effects of a UPS on the disposal of municipal solid waste in Trento, Italy. Using a unique panel dataset of monthly waste generation in Italian municipalities, we employ the synthetic control method, which allows us to account for possible time-varying effects of unobservables. Our results show that the policy was effective, with a significant decrease of the priced waste stream, unsorted waste, by 37.5%. This effect seems to be largely driven by behavioral changes towards waste avoidance (−8.6%) and possibly by a smaller increase in recycling (+6.1%). By comparing these results to those obtained by a difference-in-differences approach, we show that failing to account for time-varying effects of unobservables may lead to a mismeasurement of policy effects.     

长江荆江分蓄洪区历史演变、前景和风险管理

依据社会经济统计数据、水文资料、遥感影像信息和实地调查资料，分析了荆江分蓄洪区在历史演变过程中形成的分洪与发展的矛盾及其在未来长江流域防洪体系中的重要作用，指出其风险管理的必要性。运用基于GIS栅格数据的二维水动力洪水动态演进模型，对荆江分蓄洪区1954年的分洪过程进行了模拟和验证，模拟了不同分洪规划方案下的洪水淹没范围，水深和水位，并结合现阶段社会经济发展情况，定量估算了农户和农业的分洪可能损失。在分洪损失评估基础上提出了荆江分蓄洪区引导人口合理发展、促进土地有效利用、开展防洪教育、实施洪水保险和确保安全运用预案等减轻洪水损失提高运用机率的洪水风险管理初步方案。     

Environmental factors influencing cyanobacteria community structure in Dongping Lake, China

The present study was conducted to provide a detailed understanding of the variation in cyanobacterial communities of Dongping Lake, which is the final water volume adjusting and storing lake in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria was assessed from May 2010 to October 2012 based on monthly samples collected from three stations. Over the 30-month survey, 15 genera and 25 species of cyanobacteria were identified, with cyanobacterial abundance at each monitoring station ranging from undetected to 3.04×107 cells/L, average of 4.27×106 cells/L. The dominant cyanobacterial species were Pseudanabaena limnetica and Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi and not the usual bloom-forming genera such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables exhibited substantial changes over the period of survey. Redundancy analysis, Pearson correlations, and regression analysis were applied to analyze the relationships among the variables. The results suggested that temperature and chemical oxygen demand were key drivers of the cyanobacterial community composition in Dongping Lake. In addition, the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the lake had a profound efect on the cyanobacterial abundance as a non-limiting factor in warm periods.     

地铁盾构隧道下穿南水北调干渠的沉降控制研究

通过对地铁盾构隧道下穿南水北调干渠时沉降现场监测数据和数值模拟结果的分析,对干渠结构、干渠上部倒虹吸结构和地表的沉降控制进行了研究。结果表明:(1)盾构隧道下穿南水北调干渠时,干渠结构最大沉降发生在干渠底部。在盾构隧道与干渠渠底净距为2.5D(D为盾构隧道外径)并采用克泥效工法时,干渠结构的最大沉降量为11.26 mm,未采用克泥效工法时,干渠结构的最大沉降量为14.52 mm,说明采用克泥效工法能够有效减少干渠结构的沉降量,减少幅度为22%,同时也能够有效降低地表和倒虹吸结构的沉降量;(2)随着盾构隧道与干渠的距离越来越接近,干渠底部、地表和倒虹吸结构的沉降量逐渐增大,且随着盾构隧道与干渠渠底净距的减少,其沉降量的增大幅度逐渐提高;(3)采用克泥效工法时,盾构隧道与干渠的净距不少于2.0D时,能够保证干渠底部的沉降量不大于15 mm。该研究结果可为类似工程提供参考。     

Regulatory effectiveness and the long-run policy horizon: The case of U.S. toxic chemical use

This paper employs state-of-the-art time series analysis to examine the long-run economic and institutional drivers of toxic chemical use behavior in the U.S. Toxic chemicals are classified into growth, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), and kinked-growth chemicals, according to their long-run use trend behavior. Cointegration analysis shows that while some toxic chemicals have been successfully reduced by regulatory efforts, a majority of the toxic chemicals used in commercial products share a long-run equilibrium with national accounts and industrial production, suggesting that toxic chemical use has been largely driven by changes in GDP, industrial production, and private R&D investments, rather than by government regulations. Estimated structural break results indicate that the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, which created the Toxic Release Inventory has had impact on the consumptive use of more poisonous industrial chemicals than command-and-control regulations.     

DISTRIBUTIONAL ISSUES IN WESTERN MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY1

ABSTRACT Financing and repayment provisions of western water projects effect transfers of income among federal taxpayers, electric power users, local water users, and property owners. We use the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project as a case study in the distribution of municipal and industrial water costs. We examine the distribution of costs among taxpayers and water users in different political/geographical jurisdictions, and how this distribution is affected by water law, cost allocation procedures, and the choice of revenue source for local repayment of reimbursable costs. In light of the magnitude of distributional effects of present water policy, we conclude that lack of open debate on water issues is unfortunate. We conclude with speculation on the relationship of western water policy to the motivation of western water leaders who are instrumental in its formulation