长距离人工输水渠道水质时空演变规律研究——以南水北调中线总干渠为例

以南水北调中线工程通水6年来沿线30个常规水质监测断面逐月的水质监测数据为基础,基于斯皮尔曼秩次相关检验,系统分析总干渠水质时空变化趋势.结果表明,总干渠水质总体良好,主要指标能够达到Ⅱ类及以上水平.空间尺度上,总干渠水温(r=-0.897,p＜0.01)、总磷(r=-0.820,p＜0.01)、生化需氧量(r=-0....     

Public understanding and its effect on recycling performance in Hampshire and Milton Keynes

Improving the recycling rate might be the primary aim of ‘recycling targets’, but good diversion from disposal can be achieved in different ways. Public participation is obviously critical to success; however it is not just how many people participate, but how well they do so, that is important. Analysis of public attitude research gave insight into how effectively recyclers were participating, and examined levels of public understanding. These were correlated with design parameters and publicity and education strategies to try to identify aspects of successful schemes that led to high quality of participation.     

南水北调中线工程调水前后汉江下游水生态环境特征与响应规律识别

随着我国南水北调中线工程（简称“中线工程”）于2014年底正式通水运行,科学识别调水前后汉江下游水生态环境特征与响应规律,是国家重大水利工程优化调度的迫切管理需求.基于系统收集的2010—2017年汉江下游水文、气象、水质及水生态数据匹配资料,利用多种数据模型方法识别了中线工程调水前后汉江下游主要环境要素特征和响应规律,探索了导致河流生态退化的关键驱动因子及其贡献.结果表明:①中线工程开通后,受丹江口水库下泄流量减少的影响,汉江下游多年平均流量下降了11.5%,流量年内分配趋于不均匀,流量变幅增大,人类活动对汉江下游径流过程的影响更为显著.②调水后汉江下游ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）减小,武汉段ρ（Chla）和藻密度显著上升,汉江下游水华的发生对水文过程改变更加敏感.③基于GAM模型（广义相加模型）的相关分析,调水前后影响汉江下游藻密度变化的关键因子是流量和ρ（TP）,调水前贡献率分别为27.7%和20.5%,调水后贡献率分别为65.4%和20.5%,调水后汉江下游流量对藻密度变化的贡献率显著升高,说明上游调水引起的汉江下游流量减小对水华暴发的影响十分明显,而TP等营养盐的影响相对减弱.      

万家寨引黄工程沿线植物群落优势种群分布格局研究

应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、Green指数、聚集强度和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法,研究了山西万家寨引黄工程优势种群的分布格局,并阐述了各指数间的关系。结果表明:绝大多数自然种群都服从聚集分布,而沙棘、苔草和蒲公英呈随机分布。这主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关,也与物种间的竞争排斥作用有关。在判定物种分布格局的5种方法中,以方差/均值比率和负二项分布的检验联合运用效果较好,不仅生态学意义明显,而且结果具有严格的统计学意义。     

利用控制单元识别松花江流域水污染防治重点

将松花江流域划分为27个控制单元,分析各控制单元水环境与水污染现状,筛选水域敏感性强、水质超标严重、排污强度大的控制单元作为优先控制单元,形成松花江流域水污染防治重点区域;结合全流域水污染防治重点问题及领域,确定各优先控制单元重点治污方向,形成松花江流域"十二五"水污染防治重点。结果表明,松花江大庆市段、松花江哈尔滨市段、伊通河长春市段、嫩江齐齐哈尔市段、嫩江松原市—白城市段、饮马河长春市—吉林市段6个控制单元为松花江流域重点治污区域,涉及大庆市、哈尔滨市、长春市等重点城市点源治理、齐齐哈尔市农业种植结构调整、环境风险防控等重点治污方向。     

Is urban development an urban river killer? A case study of Yongding Diversion Channel in Beijing, China

The high population and concrete environment alter urban areas by changing temperature, rainfall runoff, and water resource utilization activities. This study was conducted to investigate the water quality features of the Yongding Diversion Channel in Beijing, China, and its relationship with rainfall and urban development. Monthly water quality data were obtained from April to October of 2004 at monitoring sites of Sanjiadian, Gaojing, Luodaozhuang, and Yuyuangtan. The monthly water quality grades from 2007 to 2011 were also investigated and compared with those of other rivers. Dissolved oxygen and pH showed greater decreases after one or two moderate rainfall events than several light rainfall events. The potassium permanganate index （CODMn）, ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） and total phosphorus （TP） increased more after several light rainfall events than after one or two moderate or heavy rainfall events. Pollutant concentrations （CODMn, NH3-N, TP） in downstream regions showed greater changes than those in upstream areas after heavy rainfall events. Intense human activities around the channel greatly influenced the water quality of the channel in rainy season because of runoff pollution; however, heavy rainfall had a strong dilution effect on the pollutant concentrations in rivers. Overall, urban development has obviously deteriorated the water quality of the Yongding Diversion Channel as indicated by an increase in the water quality index from 3.22 in 2008 to 4.55 in 2010. The Pearson correlation between monthly rainfall and water quality indices from 2007 to 2011 ranged from 0.1286 to 0.6968, generally becoming weaker as rainfall and rainfall runoff became more random and extreme.     

Exploring the relationship between municipal promotion and education investments and recycling rate performance in Ontario,Canada

This study examines the effects of municipal promotion and education (P&E) investments on the recycling rates of recyclables found in Ontario's residential waste stream. Using panel data collected from 223 Ontario municipalities between 2003 and 2012, this study examines whether investments in recycling P&E lead to an increase in household recycling. Investments in recycling promotion and education have been characterized as a policy best practice and is promoted as one of the primary drivers of resource conservation and sustainability in Ontario. Focus is placed on analyzing: (a) the relationship between P&E expenditures and recycling rates in the province, (b) the relationship between municipal recycling rates and P&E investments at different funding levels and (c) the impact of locality on promotion and education efficacy. The results of the statistical regressions indicate that investments in recycling P&E do not increase municipal recycling rates, necessitating a re-evaluation of existing policy and management practices.     

南水北调中线水源区生态环境变化分析研究

南水北调中线水源区生态环境情况直接关系南水北调中线工程的水质安全。采用遥感监测技术,根据南水北调中线水源区2000年和2013年的生态环境监测结果,对比分析了整个水源区土地覆被、水土流失、土壤侵蚀等变化情况,从宏观上评价水源区生态环境状况,为有关部门制定相关政策提供参考。研究结果表明,在十多年中,水源区森林覆盖率提高,农田面积比例明显下降,水土流失面积减少,水源区生态环境总体上呈趋向变好的态势。随着农村人口向沿江地带城镇集中,在进一步加强山地植被保护的同时,要进一步重视和加强沿江地带的生态环境保护工作     

南水北调中线总干渠水体耗氧特征及成因

为揭示南水北调总干渠水体耗氧物质的种类及其潜在来源,对总干渠沿线进行了水样采集,并分析了总干渠水体的耗氧因子的分布及其耗氧成因.结果表明,从渠首到北盘石监测断面,高锰酸盐指数低于国家地表水Ⅰ类水质标准值（2 mg·L^-1）,北盘石以北（除惠南庄断面）几乎全部高于2 mg·L^-1.溶解性有机质（DOM）、NH₃-N和NO₂^--N浓度在总干渠沿程呈波动特征;Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺浓度在北盘石以南断面较为稳定,之后分别呈降低和升高趋势.基于上述物质耗氧的化学计量关系,DOM耗氧量均值为1.86 mg·L^-1,对高锰酸盐指数的平均贡献率超过了70%;无机物质中NH₃-N耗氧量最高,平均为0.134 mg·L^-1,而NO₂^--N、Fe²⁺及Mn²⁺的耗氧量均低于0.1 mg·L^-1.对主要耗氧因子DOM的三维荧光分析结果表明,荧光指数（FI）、自生源指数（BIX）、腐殖化指数（HIX）变化范围分别为1.68~3.62、0.68~1.22、1.47~3.04,表现出较强的自生源特征,DOM内源输入占比达到了71.63%~80.94%,并且在藻类爆发期,藻密度突变点与高锰酸盐指数的突变点高度吻合.上述结果表明主要来源于自身藻类和微生物的DOM是导致总干渠沿程高锰酸盐指数升高的主要原因,干渠自身生物化学过程对水质的影响值得长期关注.