Monoterpene emissions and carbonyl compound air concentrations during the blooming period of rape (Brassica napus)

An increasing percentage of agricultural land in Germany is used for oil seed plants. Hence, rape has become an important agricultural plant (in Saxony 1998: 12% of the farmland) in the recent years. During flowering of rape along with intensive radiation and high temperatures, a higher production and emission of biogenic VOC was observed. The emissions of terpenes were determined and more importantly, high concentrations of organic carbonyl compounds were observed during this field experiment. All measurements of interest have been carried out during two selected days with optimal weather conditions. It is found that the origin or the mechanism of formation of different group of compounds had strong influence on the day to day variation of their concentrations. The emission flux of terpenes from flowering rape plants was determined to be 16–32 μg h⁻¹ m⁻² (30–60 ng h⁻¹ per g dry plant––540–1080 ng h⁻¹ per plant), in total. Limonene, -thujene and sabinene were the most important compounds (about 60% of total terpenes). For limonene and sabinene reference emission rates (M_S) and temperature coefficients were determined: β_limonene=0.108 K⁻¹ and M_S=14.57 μg h⁻¹ m⁻²; β_sabinene=0.095 K⁻¹ and M_S=5.39 μg h⁻¹ m⁻².

The detected carbonyl compound concentrations were unexpectedly high (maximum formaldehyde concentration was 18.1 ppbv and 3.4 ppbv for butyraldehyde) for an open field. Possible reasons for these concentrations are the combination of primary emission from the plants induced by high temperature and high ozone stress, the secondary formation from biogenically and advected anthropogenically emitted VOC at high radiation intensities and furthered by the low wind speeds at this time.     

污泥与高浓度有机废物厌氧消化反应中的产气量

研究了高温／中温两相厌氧消化反应器系用以同时处理污泥与不同高浓度有机废物时产气及产甲烷的变化特性。结果表明，气体及甲烷主要是在第二段的中温消化反应器内产生。当中温消化反应器的有机负荷ＶＳ为１．６５￣３．１０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３ｄ时，稳态条件下的平均产气量为１．９５８￣４．０２０ｍ＾３／ｄ，气体中甲烷的平均组成为６５％￣７３％，甲烷的比产率为０．３９７￣０．５１１ｍ＾３／ｋｇＶＳ。     

Microbial reduction of sulfate injected to gas condensate plumes in cold groundwater

Despite a rapid expansion over the past decade in the reliance on intrinsic bioremediation to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon plumes in groundwater, significant research gaps remain. Although it has been demonstrated that bacterial sulfate reduction can be a key electron accepting process in many petroleum plumes, little is known about the rate of this reduction process in plumes derived from crude oil and gas condensates at cold-climate sites (mean temperature <10 degrees C), and in complex hydrogeological settings such as silt/clay aquitards. In this field study, sulfate was injected into groundwater contaminated by gas condensate plumes at two petroleum sites in Alberta, Canada to enhance in-situ bioremediation. In both cases the groundwater near the water table had low temperature (6-9 degrees C). Monitoring data had provided strong evidence that bacterial sulfate reduction was a key terminal electron accepting process (TEAP) in the natural attenuation of dissolved hydrocarbons at these sites. At each site, water with approximately 2000 mg/L sulfate and a bromide tracer was injected into a low-sulfate zone within a condensate-contaminant plume. Monitoring data collected over several months yielded conservative estimates for sulfate reduction rates based on zero-order kinetics (4-6 mg/L per day) or first-order kinetics (0.003 and 0.01 day(-1)). These results favor the applicability of in-situ bioremediation techniques in this region, under natural conditions or with enhancement via sulfate injection.     

Monoterpene emissions and carbonyl compound air concentrations during the blooming period of rape (Brassica napus)

An increasing percentage of agricultural land in Germany is used for oil seed plants. Hence, rape has become an important agricultural plant (in Saxony 1998: 12% of the farmland) in the recent years. During flowering of rape along with intensive radiation and high temperatures, a higher production and emission of biogenic VOC was observed. The emissions of terpenes were determined and more importantly, high concentrations of organic carbonyl compounds were observed during this field experiment. All measurements of interest have been carried out during two selected days with optimal weather conditions. It is found that the origin or the mechanism of formation of different group of compounds had strong influence on the day to day variation of their concentrations. The emission flux of terpenes from flowering rape plants was determined to be 16–32 μg h⁻¹ m⁻² (30–60 ng h⁻¹ per g dry plant––540–1080 ng h⁻¹ per plant), in total. Limonene, α-thujene and sabinene were the most important compounds (about 60% of total terpenes). For limonene and sabinene reference emission rates (M_S) and temperature coefficients were determined: β_limonene=0.108 K⁻¹ and M_S=14.57 μg h⁻¹ m⁻²; β_sabinene=0.095 K⁻¹ and M_S=5.39 μg h⁻¹ m⁻².The detected carbonyl compound concentrations were unexpectedly high (maximum formaldehyde concentration was 18.1 ppbv and 3.4 ppbv for butyraldehyde) for an open field. Possible reasons for these concentrations are the combination of primary emission from the plants induced by high temperature and high ozone stress, the secondary formation from biogenically and advected anthropogenically emitted VOC at high radiation intensities and furthered by the low wind speeds at this time.     

锑矿开采条件下矿井水酸化过程分析

矿山开采过程产生的酸性排水及其携带的重金属对生态环境造成了严重的危害,其防控的关键在于控酸,因此矿井水酸化过程的解析可为矿山酸性排水的源头防控提供理论依据。本文以独山半坡锑矿为研究区,采集矿井内部不同区域水体样品32件,通过对水体酸化的矿物端元解析和重金属的共氧化过程、离子水解过程以及不同类型矿井水的混合过程分析,揭示了矿井水的酸化过程。结果表明,矿井内辉锑矿与黄铁矿的氧化使流经的矿井水具有低p H和高硫酸根的特征,与未受矿业活动影响的地下水具有明显差异。在矿井水流动过程中,Sb(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅱ)的共氧化过程消耗了氢离子,不同水体混合过程中碳酸氢根对酸的缓冲作用明显,以上过程延缓了矿井水的酸化;由于水体酸化使Al、Mn、Fe等离子溶出,而这些离子可能发生的水解过程加速了矿井水的酸化。     

制备方法对铁钛复合氧化物磷吸附性能的影响:共沉淀法与机械物理混合法

为了研究制备方法对金属复合氧化物表面性质与吸附性能的影响,本文分别采用共沉淀法与机械物理混合法制备了铁钛复合氧化物CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti.采用SEM、BET、XRD与FTIR等表征技术,研究了两种铁钛复合氧化物CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti的形貌结构、比表面积、表面羟基浓度等表面特性;通过批式吸附实验,考察了其磷吸附性能.结果表明,与纯的氧化物Fe OOH及TiO_2相比,共沉淀法制备的CFe-Ti纳米颗粒更疏松,孔结构更发达,表面羟基浓度更高,CFe-Ti的最大磷吸附容量达40.6mg·g~(-1),高于纯Fe OOH(27.2 mg·g~(-1))与TiO_2(16.7 mg·g~(-1)),分别为其1.5倍和2.4倍,展示了显著的协同效应.而MFe-Ti的形貌结构和表面性质与Fe OOH及TiO_2相比变化不大,其磷最大吸附容量为22.7 mg·g~(-1),不仅明显低于CFe-Ti,且低于纯Fe OOH,表明未产生协同效应.研究也表明,磷在CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti表面的吸附性质未发生变化,均通过形成内层表面络合物而发生了化学吸附.因此,金属复合氧化物的表面性质和吸附性能与其制备方法密切相关,与机械物理混合法相比,共沉淀法是一种更为简单经济制备高效能铁钛复合氧化物磷吸附剂的方法.     

长江口及邻近海域水体主元素和锶同位素地球化学

根据2005年6月对长江口及其邻近海域水体的现场调查,分析探讨了长江口水体主元素、Sr及Sr同位素的组成变化。长江河水的Sr含量和87Sr/86Sr同位素比值分别为1.75μmol/L和0.7105,反映出长江流域以碳酸盐岩风化为主的化学风化特征;河口区主元素与盐度的显著正相关关系显示出它们在河水与海水混合过程中的保守特性;87Sr/86Sr与1/Sr的非线性关系则暗示了长江口水体的Sr不是河水与海水的简单混合,可能伴有其他端元水体的混入。     

探讨“烟塔合一”技术在环评中大气环境的防护距离

归纳"烟塔合一"项目评估的共性要求,在分析德国模式不能充分反映特定条件下对近距离保护目标影响的基础上,阐明了环境防护距离设置的必要性,并就目前所采取环境防护距离计算方法及部分项目风洞试验结果进行解析,提出相关建议。     

HP-5毛细管柱气相色谱法分离水中滴滴涕色谱条件研究

本试验利用HP-5毛细管柱,气相色谱法对水中滴滴涕几种衍生体的分离条件进行了研究和优化,找到了最佳仪器条件,为水中滴滴涕的检测提供了一定的试验参考。     

Self-ignition tendency of solid fuels: A gas emissions approach for early detection

Self-ignition of solid fuels storage is one of the main causes of human and economic losses. Additionally, each fire caused by this phenomenon emits an amount of toxic gases that contributes on the development of climate change. Nowadays, several methodologies are used in order to detect the self-ignition tendency of solid fuels, but they have as main disadvantages the amount of money and time that they require. The aim of this study is to propose a methodology of detection of incipient self-ignition of solid fuels through the measurement of gas emissions. This study compares existing methodologies to detect self-ignition tendency, such as TG, DSC or susceptibility, and to combustion related gas emission results. Different methods have been used to evaluate the results from the gas emission test, showing that interval and inflexion methods provide early detection of the self-heating process. With this methodology, it is possible to determine this process in advance with the equipment currently available in every industrial facility, reducing costs and improving efficiency.