WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL PUMPAGE IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER,FLORIDA1

Several large agricultural pumps, located in the upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, and representative of the numerous pumps operating in the basin, were monitored during the spring and summer of 1982. These pumps have rated capacities ranging from 36 to 334 ft³/s and drain various quantities of improved pasture, row crop, and citrus land uses. The combined total pumping capacity of the pumps in this study is approximately equal to the average flow at US 192, near Melbourne (691 cfs). Results indicate high nutrient and suspended solids loading to the river, but the relative magnitude of each parameter varies with pump site and date. The row crop/Mary A pump (267 ft³/s capacity) exhibited the poorest water quality of the sampled pumps and appeared to have the greatest pollutional potential. The average suspended solids loading rate from the Mary A pump was high (37,900 Kg/day). The average total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) discharge concentrations at this pump were also high, with values of 3.96 mg/L and 0.79 mg/L, respectively. As expected, nutrient loading rates reflected discharge rates, to a large degree. Average TN loading rates for the pumping stations varied from 86 to 1935 Kg/day while TP loading ranged from 7 to 390 Kg/day. Nutrients from pumping are contributing factors to the increasing aquatic plant growth and algal blooms in the area. Poor quality discharge water, as well as rapid rises in water level from the cumulative discharges resulting in dead marsh vegetation and accompanying oxygen sags, have been suggested as causative factors for fish kills in the area.     

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE CARBON AND NITROGEN IN RIVER WATER1

The effect of storing samples prior to determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations were investigated. Freezing of water samples between collection and analysis has a substantial effect on the results obtained. Storage of samples at 5°C also affects the results, although the changes which occurred were generally less than for frozen samples. When the particulates were collected onto a filter immediately after sample collection and stored in that form until analysis only small changes in the results were observed. This suggests that samples for the determination of particulate nitrogen and carbon concentrations should be filtered immediately upon sample collection and the analysis performed as soon as possible.     

冬季猪粪固体堆放过程中NH3、N2O和NO排放特征研究

针对农村猪粪典型处理方式中的固体堆放管理,研究猪粪在冬季(2012年11月~2013年2月)固体堆放过程中NH3、N2O和NO排放特征.实验共设两个处理——无覆盖(non-covered,NC)和水稻秸秆覆盖(covered,C),堆放时间为73 d,期间进行了3次翻堆操作.实验观测了3种含氮气体(NH3、N2O和NO)的排放通量和堆体剖面N2O浓度变化.结果表明,猪粪固体堆放过程中NH3、N2O和NO排放累积量(以N计)分别占初始TN的比例为2.1%~2.6%、0.02%和~0.000 25%.两个处理的含氮气体排放通量变化趋势基本一致,且有覆盖堆体的含氮气体的排放量略低于无覆盖堆体.在堆放初期,NH3排放量最先出现峰值,之后N2O和NO排放开始增加.NH3和NO在固体堆放的中前期呈现互为消长的变化趋势;到堆放后期,N2O开始出现比前期高出两倍的排放高峰,而NH3和NO出现小幅增长.翻堆前后,NH3的排放无明显变化,而N2O排放在翻堆后均出现降低的变化,NO排放却出现升高的变化.     

Determining short chain fatty acids in sewage sludge hydrolysate：A comparison of three analytical methods and investigation of sample storage effects

In anaerobic digestion, the production of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） can be beneficial or harmful to the overall process, depending on the concentration of accumulated acids. Therefore, the accurate determination of the SCFA concentration in both fresh and stored sludge hydrolysates is important. To select a suitable method for monitoring SCFAs during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, the accuracy of three available analytical methods, including 5 pH point acid titration （TITRA5）, gas chromatography （GC）, and spectrophotometry, were compared in the present study. The results revealed that TITRA5 and GC displayed better agreement in the achieved measurements and higher precision and accuracy than the spectrophotometric assay, as supported by the application of different statistical models. TITRA5 excelled in titrating unfiltered hydrolysate while simultaneously measuring the alkalinity, whereas the GC method provided detailed information on the contribution of different fatty acids to the total acidity. In contrast, the spectrophotometric assay suffered from many forms of interference, depending on the sample＇s matrix. SCFA production followed the pattern of enzymatic reactions and fitted the Michaelis-Menten model. In addition to promoting TITRA5 as an accurate and robust analytical tool for routine SCFA analyses, this comparative study also demonstrated the possibility of storing hydrolysate samples at different temperatures and durations without altering the SCFA measurements.     

高氯原油对管道储运设施的腐蚀危害及防护措施

阐述了高氯原油对金属的腐蚀机理,对引起的管道储运设施氯腐蚀进行分析,重点对管道、加热炉和储罐的氯腐蚀危害进行识别,提供以预防、监测和控制为主的腐蚀防护措施,并对未来管道的安全保护提出建议。     

导弹非金属薄弱环节贮存寿命快速评估

目的科学评估某型导弹4类80种非金属薄弱环节的贮存寿命。方法建立由分析、试验、评估、验证等4个层次工作组成的贮存寿命快速评估流程。以实验室加速老化试验、自然环境试验、对比试验、经验数据分析为手段,按照基于实验室加速老化试验结果定量评估、基于已有加速老化试验数据定量评估、基于对比加速老化试验结果半定量评估、基于近似产品经验数据定性评估等4种方法开展了试验评估工作。结果以天然橡胶1161、JZ101-67高阻尼减振器、天然橡胶1157、特221润滑脂等4种非金属薄弱环节为4种方法应用示例,得出了4种非金属薄弱环节贮存寿命都大于23年的评估结果。结论 4种非金属薄弱环节多能满足延寿工程的要求。     

基于ANSYS Workbench的某弹药储运方舱支撑件力学分析

目的研究某弹药储运方舱支撑件的力学特性。方法采用SolidWorks软件建立三维模型,利用ANSYS Workbench软件进行静力学和动力学的仿真分析。结果仿真结果显示,该支撑件在静力学中所受的最大应力值为2633.7 Pa,最大变形量为5.6847×10-5m,动力学中振动形式有弯曲振动和扭曲振动,前6阶的固有频率在117.5~286.7 Hz之间。结论研究表明,该支撑件满足结构的刚强度要求,并为下一步进行瞬态动力学分析、随机振动分析奠定了基础。     

面向导弹贮存延寿的PHM技术研究与工程应用

目的通过应用故障预测和健康管理(PHM)技术,实现导弹武器的可靠寿命预测和健康管理。方法在分析国内外现状的基础上,对某型导弹贮存延寿的系统架构进行设计,并对工程应用中的数据采集、寿命退化分析、预测方法,以及使用和贮存寿命预测等主要过程的技术途径和研究方法进行论述。结果工程应用证明了PHM技术在导弹贮存延寿中的可行性,相关关键技术也存在有效的解决方法。结论面向导弹贮存延寿的PHM技术体系在实现导弹武器全寿命周期管理和寿命科学评价的同时,能够有效降低装备的延寿升级经济成本。     

印江槽谷型喀斯特地区植被碳储量及固碳潜力研究

以印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区11种植被类型(人工纯林、人工混交林、天然纯林、天然混交林、疏林、竹林、经果林、灌木林、石山地、宜林地、草地)为研究对象,分析了植被碳储量的空间分布格局,并对区域植被固碳速率、碳储量进行了估算,并预测了理论最大固碳潜力。结果表明:印江研究区植被碳储量空间分布为,乔木层(25.06 t/hm²) > 灌木层(3.51 t/hm²) > 草本层(1.10 t/hm²),其平均固碳速率为10.63 t/(hm²·a),植被碳储量为172.23×10³ t,植被理论最大固碳潜力为94.02 t/hm²。研究结果对于评价和估计印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区森林的碳汇功能,以及提高碳储量有重要意义。     

油藏封存CO_2后扩散逃逸数学模型及实例应用

利用油藏封存CO_2是缓解温室效应的重要途径,CO_2扩散逃逸在整个封存体内广泛存在,因此有必要研究扩散逃逸对封存效果的破坏强度。通过理论分析,建立了能够描述油藏封存CO_2后扩散逃逸行为的物理模型和数学模型。结果表明:示范区在1万年累计逃逸量为0.178×104t,1万年累计逃逸量和封存量比值为0.067%,需要1470万年CO_2才能全部逃逸,扩散逃逸对封存破坏甚微。研究结果为CO_2封存效果评价提供了新指标,也为盆地级封存体扩散逃逸量计算提供了方法。