Metal scarcity and sustainability,analyzing the necessity to reduce the extraction of scarce metals

There is debate whether or not further growth of metal extraction from the earth's crust will be sustainable in connection with geologic scarcity. Will future generations possibly face a depletion of specific metals? We study whether, for which metals and to what extent the extraction rate would need to be reduced in order to be sustainable. To do so, we propose an operational definition for the sustainable extraction rate of metals. We have divided 42 metals in 4 groups according to their geologic scarcity. Applying the proposed sustainability definition to the 17 scarcest metals, shows that for almost all considered metals the global consumption of primary resources needs to be reduced to stay within sustainable limits as defined in our analysis. The 8 geologically scarcest metals are antimony, bismuth, boron, copper, gold, molybdenum, rhenium and zinc.     

氟橡胶密封材料热氧老化试验与寿命评估

对氟橡胶密封材料进行了热氧加速老化试验,对老化试验前后材料压缩永久变形量与红外光谱进行了分析,结果表明,老化引起材料内部的分子结构变化。建立了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程,预测了25℃下氟橡胶密封材料的贮存寿命,结果表明,氟橡胶在热氧条件下,失效机理为分子断裂和交联;非正常老化因素引起的变形对氟橡胶密封圈的性能影响很大;氟橡胶密封件在25℃下的贮存寿命为13.8 a。     

Biomass production and carbon sequestration potential in poplar plantations with different management patterns

Biomass production and carbon storage in short-rotation poplar plantations over 10 years were evaluated at the Hanyuan Forestry Farm, Baoying County, China. Experimental treatments applied in a split-plot design included four planting densities (1111, 833, 625 and 500 stems ha(-1)) and three poplar clones (NL-80351, I-69 and I-72). Based on the model of total biomass production developed, total plantation biomass production was significantly different in the plantations. The ranking of the plantation biomass production by planting density was 1111>833 more more than 625>500 stems ha(-1), and by components was stem>root>or=branch>leaf for all plantations. At 10 years, the highest total biomass in the plantation of 1111 stems ha(-1) reached about 146 t ha(-1), which was 5.3%, 11.6% and 24.2% higher than the plantations of 833, 625 and 500 stems ha(-1), respectively. The annual increment of biomass production over 10 years differed significantly among initial planting densities and stand ages (p<0.01), but no significant difference was observed from age 7 to 10. Mean carbon concentration among all biomass components ranged from 42-50%, with the highest carbon concentrations in stems and the lowest in leaves. Over the study period, the dynamic pattern of total plantation carbon storage by planting density was similar to that of total biomass production. At age 10, the highest total plantation carbon storage in the plantation of 1111 stems ha(-1) reached about 72.0 t ha(-1), which was 5.4%, 11.9% and 24.8% higher than in the plantations of 833, 625 and 500 stems ha(-1), respectively. The annual carbon storage increment over 10 years differed significantly among initial planting densities and stand ages (p<0.01), and it showed a pattern similar to the annual biomass production increment of the plantations. The results suggest that biomass production and carbon storage potential were highest for planting densities of 1111 and 833 stems ha(-1) grown over 5- and 6-year cutting cycles, respectively. If 3- or 4-year cutting cycles are used, the planting density should be higher than 1111 stems ha(-1) (e.g., 1667 or 2500 stems ha(-1)). Based on the mean annual carbon storage for the plantation of 625 stems ha(-1), as an estimation, the mean carbon storage in the biomass of poplar plantations (excluding leaves) amounts to 3.75x10(7) t ha(-1)yr(-1) in China.     

原油储罐腐蚀原因及对策

通过对原油储罐腐蚀因素的分析,探讨了孤东一号联原油处理罐的腐蚀机理.分析结果表明,介质因素腐蚀、焊缝腐蚀、冲刷磨损、自然外腐蚀是造成孤东一号联原油储罐腐蚀严重的主要原因,并提出了相应的解决对策.     

采样罐和气袋保存116种挥发性有机物效果研究

为了提高挥发性有机物(VOCs)分析的准确性,笔者考察了3种采样罐和2种气袋对116种VOCs的保存效果.结果表明:VOCs在不同种类采样罐和气袋中的保存情况有一定差异,整体上Silonite采样罐的保存效果相对更稳定,罐内水分含量会对部分VOCs的保存效果造成影响(特别是对含氧有机物);保存实际样品时,能保证VOCs...     

农业生物质废弃物转化功能材料的研究进展

农业生物质废弃物的数量正在迅速增加,导致许多环境和治理问题. 因此,将农业生物质废弃物回收利用并增值应用越来越受到关注. 近些年农业生物质废弃物利用和衍生功能材料的研究进展主要包括以下两个方面：①提取天然聚合物并增值应用;②直接制备新型碳基材料,包括吸附、催化、储能电极和复合功能材料等. 农业生物质废弃物转化功能材料已逐步实现且应用范围广泛;未来的研究需要评估农业生物质废弃物衍生产品的质量和安全性,并开发高度可行且具有成本效益的生物质废弃物转化方法,以期实现规模化工业生产.     

LNG加气站槽车卸车直供过程泄漏后果分析

为研究LNG加气站槽车直接供液过程泄漏后果严重程度,采用HAZOP辨识槽车供液和储罐供液典型泄漏场景,基于PHAST分析不同泄漏场景下LNG液池半径、蒸汽云扩散距离及积聚时长、爆炸超压和池火热辐射影响范围,定量评价槽车供液可能造成的事故后果扩大程度.结果表明:槽车供液泄漏事故的LNG液池最大半径、蒸汽云最大扩散距离、爆...     

车用复合材料储氢气瓶火烧试验方法标准对比研究

为了明确现有车用复合材料储氢气瓶火烧试验方法有待进一步研究的问题,介绍国内外车用复合材料储氢气瓶的技术规范与标准中的火烧试验方法,采用对比分析的方法,从试验形式、火源设置、温度测量要求、安全防护要求、试验温度要求、试验结果及合格指标等方面,分析各标准中车用复合材料储氢气瓶火烧试验方法的异同。结果表明:国内外标准在车用复合材料储氢气瓶火烧试验的试验形式、通用要求、试验步骤、合格指标等方面的规定有较大差异,需开展进一步研究工作;火烧试验的安全防护装置的结构设计和布置方法应进一步明确;建议开展火烧试验装置的设计研发和大量局部火烧试验研究,验证火烧试验方法中关键参数的设置合理性。     

利用高通量测序对封存CO2泄漏情景下土壤细菌的研究

全球CO2浓度不断升高的背景下,地质封存CO2为控制大气CO2浓度上升提供了全新的思路,但封存CO2潜在的泄漏风险也对生态系统产生重大威胁.土壤微生物与土壤健康密切联系.鉴于目前地质封存CO2泄漏对土壤微生物影响的研究鲜有报道,本研究通过模拟地质封存CO2泄漏情景,利用Miseq平台Illumina第二代高通量测序土壤细菌16S rRNA基因,结合相关生物信息学分析,初步探讨了封存CO2泄漏情景下农田土壤细菌群落丰富度、多样性和群落结构的变化.试验共获得15个土壤样本的43 017个OTU共486 645条读数,生物学分析结果表明,封存CO2泄漏通量和时间不同的情景下,农田土壤细菌丰富度和细菌群落多样性的变化存在差异,初步推测CO2泄漏量增大和泄漏时间持续更长的情景下,土壤细菌丰富度和多样性下降幅度较大,土壤细菌群落中优势菌群向若干细菌集中,其中土壤酸杆菌门细菌相对增多可能作为地质封存CO2泄漏对土壤生态系统影响的生物监测指标.     

人工防护林碳储量估算——以新疆墨玉为例

通过2009年8月对新疆墨玉县人工减排林样地进行实地调查取样,获得该地区人工减排林生态系统植被生长状况各种数据,利用这些数据采用生物量与蓄积量关系为基础的植物碳储量估算方法及土壤剖面有机质百分含量推算土壤碳储量的方法分别对干旱区人工林植被、土壤碳储量进行估算。结果表明,干旱区墨玉县玉北固阻结合流沙固定技术试验示范区人工减排林现有碳储量4522.01Mg,波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区现有碳储量1840.12Mg,土壤平均碳储量相差不大,分别为25.91t/100m2和27.39t/100m2。波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区内大多是幼龄林,碳储量并未达到最大,随着树木的生长,这些林木还能够固定一定量的大气碳,波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区的生态系统碳储量能力还有很大的提升空间。新疆减排林区碳储量将进一步增加。