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排序方式: 共有427条查询结果,搜索用时 265 毫秒
151.
基于ADMS和线性规划的区域大气环境容量测算 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
基于ADMS-Urban和线性规划模型,构建了浓度-排放量反推模式,从区域自然生态环境和污染气象特征出发,以区域大气环境质量保护目标为约束条件,结合虚拟点源法测算区域大气环境容量.以北京市通州区进行案例分析,根据当地自然环境与污染气象特征等信息,在环境质量目标约束条件下,应用该方法测算出通州区的SO2环境容量为41 311 t/a;但其空间分布极为不均,主要分布于建成区以外的乡镇,建成区的环境容量较小.由于通州区SO2排放主要集中在采暖期的建成区,尽管全区的SO2年排放量远小于其环境容量,但是仍然在建成区造成了严重污染. 相似文献
152.
Katrina Davis Marit Kragt Stefan Gelcich Steven Schilizzi David Pannell 《Conservation biology》2015,29(1):226-237
Marine fish stocks are in many cases extracted above sustainable levels, but they may be protected through restricted‐use zoning systems. The effectiveness of these systems typically depends on support from coastal fishing communities. High management costs including those of enforcement may, however, deter fishers from supporting marine management. We incorporated enforcement costs into a spatial optimization model that identified how conservation targets can be met while maximizing fishers’ revenue. Our model identified the optimal allocation of the study area among different zones: no‐take, territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs), or open access. The analysis demonstrated that enforcing no‐take and TURF zones incurs a cost, but results in higher species abundance by preventing poaching and overfishing. We analyzed how different enforcement scenarios affected fishers’ revenue. Fisher revenue was approximately 50% higher when territorial user rights were enforced than when they were not. The model preferentially allocated area to the enforced‐TURF zone over other zones, demonstrating that the financial benefits of enforcement (derived from higher species abundance) exceeded the costs. These findings were robust to increases in enforcement costs but sensitive to changes in species’ market price. We also found that revenue under the existing zoning regime in the study area was 13–30% lower than under an optimal solution. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for both the benefits and costs of enforcement in marine conservation, particularly when incurred by fishers. Justificación de los Costos de Aplicación en la Asignación Espacial de Zonas Marinas 相似文献
153.
154.
Learning and adaptation in the management of waterfowl harvests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Johnson FA 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(5):1385-1394
A formal framework for the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests was adopted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1995. The process admits competing models of waterfowl population dynamics and harvest impacts, and relies on model averaging to compute optimal strategies for regulating harvest. Model weights, reflecting the relative ability of the alternative models to predict changes in population size, are used in the model averaging and are updated each year based on a comparison of model predictions and observations of population size. Since its inception the adaptive harvest program has focused principally on mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), which constitute a large portion of the U.S. waterfowl harvest. Four competing models, derived from a combination of two survival and two reproductive hypotheses, were originally assigned equal weights. In the last year of available information (2007), model weights favored the weakly density-dependent reproductive hypothesis over the strongly density-dependent one, and the additive mortality hypothesis over the compensatory one. The change in model weights led to a more conservative harvesting policy than what was in effect in the early years of the program. Adaptive harvest management has been successful in many ways, but nonetheless has exposed the difficulties in defining management objectives, in predicting and regulating harvests, and in coping with the tradeoffs inherent in managing multiple waterfowl stocks exposed to a common harvest. The key challenge now facing managers is whether adaptive harvest management as an institution can be sufficiently adaptive, and whether the knowledge and experience gained from the process can be reflected in higher-level policy decisions. 相似文献
155.
针对一些工业生产发达地区污染源众多而且分散的特点,提出一套工业级远程环境监控管理系统,为环保执法人员提供了技术辅助手段.系统分为下位机和上位机两部分,适用于高温高粉尘的工业生产环境,满足稳定性和健壮性要求.系统已应用于佛山市南海区多家铝型材厂,取得良好的效果. 相似文献
156.
Damien Denis Jean-Sébastien PierreJoan van Baaren Jacques J.M. van Alphen 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(9):1604-1613
Adult parasitoid females lay their eggs in or on host insects. Most species are incapable of de novo lipogenesis as adults, and lipids accumulated during the larval stage are allocated either to egg production or to adult survival. Lipid consumption increases with distance covered by the parasitoids and thus with the distance between available hosts within a habitat. Temperature should affect parasitoid fitness because it changes the constraint imposed by a limited reserve of lipids and because it influences behaviour. Climate change involves both an increase in average temperature and an increased frequency of extreme weather such as heat waves. We investigated how the predicted increase of temperature will affect parasitoid fitness and how this depends on habitat parameters (spatial distribution of hosts and lipid cost of habitat exploitation). We studied optimal behaviour and calculated fitness at different temperatures and in different habitats using a stochastic dynamic programming model for pro-ovigenic parasitoids (which mature all their eggs before becoming adult). We show that an increase in temperature decreases fitness of parasitoids adapted to lower temperatures. This decrease in fitness depends on habitat quality. In field conditions (assuming small costs of intra-patch foraging), the loss of fitness should be larger in habitats with high inter-patch distance and in habitats with a more aggregated distribution of hosts. The foraging behaviour of parasitoids is also affected; at higher temperature we show that intra-patch foraging becomes less efficient, and patch residence times are longer. 相似文献
157.
Rangesan Narayanan Hamid Beladi Roger D. Hansen A. Bruce Bishop 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(6):1091-1099
ABSTRACT: Efficiency implications of seasonal pricing, uniform pricing, and optimal seasonal pricing with metering costs are analyzed qualitatively using classical optimization technique. The first two schemes are special cases of the last pricing scheme. A nonlinear-integer programming model is formulated for a case study application to Salt Lake City to examine the feasibility of seasonal pricing. The analysis indicates that uniform pricing is preferable unless metering costs are substantially lower than present levels. 相似文献
158.
长江中游防洪减灾系统可持续性评价研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
长江中下游平原地区是我国经济发达地区,也是我国洪涝灾害最严重地区之一,根据长江流域可持续发展要求,提出两个问题,一是长江中下游平原区要走可持续发展之路,如何使区内社会经济发展与洪涝灾害相协调,这属于地区可持续发展问题,二是防洪减灾系统能否持久地发挥作用,为社会经济可持续发展提供保障,即防洪减灾系统可持续性评价问题,首先讨论了防洪减灾系统可持续性评价的基本涵义,提出了可持续性评价的5个准则,即功能持久性,风险最低性,经济可行性,环境可承受性及社会可接受性,其次,以长江中游平原分蓄洪工程为例,提出了相应的评价指标体系;最后,选择有效蓄洪量,蓄洪面积,围堤长度,耕地面积,区内人口,区内安全台面积等为指标,建立了分蓄洪工程可持续性评价模型-均衡规划模型,并进行了实例分析探讨。 相似文献
159.
基于资源环境承载力的规划结构优化方法探讨 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
规划结构合理性以及规划结构优化是规划环境影响评价关注的核心问题之一。文章以某煤电、煤化工基地规划环评为例,探讨了以区域资源、环境承载力为约束条件,以经济效益最大化为规划目标,采用线性规划法优化煤电、煤化工基地规划结构的过程。线性规划模型以煤电、煤化工产品的规模作为变量;资源、环境约束条件包括水资源消耗量、煤炭资源消耗量、蒸汽消耗量、电能消耗量、SO2排放量和CO2排放量。通过线性规划模型对煤电、煤化工产品的规模进行优化,在增加煤电、煤化工基地的经济效益的同时,减小了区域资源消耗和污染物排放水平。 相似文献
160.