Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

湖北省粮食生产的时空特征演变研究——基于耕地因素分解的视角

"藏粮于地"是新时期保障我国粮食安全的重要战略。分析湖北省粮食生产的时空演变特征,运用LMDI方法对影响粮食产量的耕地利用因素进行分解。结果表明:湖北粮食生产正处于稳定增长时期,但其周期性波动特征并未改变,粮食产量大幅波动的可能性仍然存在;湖北省粮食生产具有明显的中间高,两边低的区位特征;单产提高与复种指数上升是粮食增产的主要因素,种植业结构调整与耕地资源减少导致了粮食减产;由于自然环境与社会经济发展差异,不同区域种植业结构调整的程度与方向、耕地资源的利用方式都不相同。加强耕地资源保护,确保耕地数量不减少,质量不降低;调整耕地利用方式,合理安排耕作制度,优化种植业结构和区域布局;推进农业科技创新,培养新型职业农民,建立稳定的粮食生产队伍是实施"藏粮于地,藏粮于技"战略的有效途径。     

生态退耕前后张家口市耕地变化及影响因素识别

耕地变化与相关土地政策密切相关,为揭示生态退耕政策实施前后,耕地变化特征及其影响因素的差异性,该研究以北方农牧交错区——张家口市为例,分析了生态退耕前后（1989—2000年和2000—2015年）耕地变化特征。在此基础上,应用多项Logistic回归模型研究了耕地变化的影响因素。研究结果表明：1）耕地面积由1989年的1 090 031.02 hm²减少到2015年的924 647.32 hm²,持续减少了15.17%,特别是生态退耕后,耕地减少速度加快;但耕地仍然集中分布在张北县、康保县、沽源县。2）生态退耕前后,耕地转出与转入并存。与生态退耕前相比,生态退耕后耕地转换变化总面积增加121 695.72 hm²,其中转出面积增加占88.72%;耕地主要转换去向由草地（17 063.59 hm²）、建设用地（9 007.00 hm²）、林地（8 932.72 hm²）和园地（5 981.19 hm²）,变为林地（51 902.41 hm²）、园地（40 311.23 hm²）、草地（32 292.66 hm²）和建设用地（23 152.11 hm²）。3）生态退耕前后,耕地转换变化的影响因素不同。退耕前,海拔和坡度分别是耕地转为园地、林地和转为草地、建设用地的主导因素;退耕后,耕地转化的影响因素多样化,海拔仍是耕地向园地转换的主导影响因素,人均GDP变化和到最近道路距离分别成为耕地转为林地、草地和转为建设用地的首要因素。基本农田保护区和自然保护区对耕地转为园地、林地和草地也起着重要作用。研究结果能为张家口市耕地保护、生态环境保护及经济社会协调发展提供科学依据。     

延安“乡村振兴南沟模式”的内涵与启示

农业农村优先发展是中共二十大提出的重要目标,乡村振兴是农业农村优先发展的标志性成果形式。黄土高原丘陵沟壑区既是严重水土流失区,也是我国经济社会相对落后的贫困区。如何实现生态效益、经济效益和社会效益三者有机协同发展是该区域亟待解决的问题。延安市安塞区高桥镇南沟村率先优化南沟村生态景观格局,历经八载把原来的贫困村打造成为全国乡村振兴的典范,探索出了一条生态建设与乡村振兴有机耦合发展之路。本文从科学与社会的综合视角分析了延安市安塞区高桥镇南沟村的“化蝶”经验,梳理发现“南沟模式”的内涵可以归纳为“景观多元化、生态经济化、农业现代化、人民福祉化”。南沟村的蝶变为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区乡村振兴提供借鉴案例,但是借鉴不等于照搬照抄,必须根据自然禀赋实事求是地推进乡村振兴。     

Social, economic, and ecological impacts of the "Grain for Green" project in China: a preliminary case in Zhangye, Northwest China

This paper provides applications of the integrated assessment (IA) approach in a case study in the Heihe River Basin of Northwest China. Some socio-economic and ecological impact results of forestry land use scenarios are presented in the paper. While seven types of land use scenarios for carbon sequestration purposes were considered for the IA applications, this paper mainly presents impacts of land use scenarios within the Grain for Green (GFG) category [see Yin et al., this volume]. China's national Grain for Green Project was implemented in order to protect and improve ecosystems, while allowing an evolution of agricultural management practices compatible with raising peasants' incomes. Zhangye Prefecture, located in the Heihe River Basin of an arid area in Northwest China, was chosen as the investigation site of the IA case study. Based on fundamental orientation theory, the social sustainability impacts of GFG land use options were assessed. Between 2002 and 2004, the GFG project brought US$23.56 million yuan in net income to the prefecture's peasants. Project implementation resulted in a 1.71 Gg increase in net primary productivity (NPP), as well as a 44.36 Gg rise in net ecosystem productivity (NEP). This suggested that, in Zhangye Prefecture, the Grain for Green Project could enhance the sustainability and stability of the local society, increase peasants' net income, as well as protect and remediate local ecosystems.     

Heavy metals in albanian coastal sediments

Heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Sn) concentration has been determined on 39 coastal sediment samples collected in Albania. The relationship between the heavy metals content and the grain size has been considered. All metals, except Cu and Cd, resulted accumulated in the finest fraction, which constituted up to 95% of most of the considered sediments. A good correlation has been found for Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cu in the entire area, indicating a common origin for these metals in the analyzed sediments. Concentration values fall in the range reported for Dinaric chain derived sediments, revealing, generally, a natural origin of the metal contents. Though in some selected areas such as the Drin and the Skumbin Bay, an antropogenic input of Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu can be observed, as the result of discharging of mines and smelter activities.     

210Pb and 210Po in Finnish cereals

A survey was carried out on the activity concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po in cereal grains produced in Finland. The cereal species were wheat (Triticum aestivum), rye (Secale cereale), oats (Avena sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which account for 90% of the Finnish consumption of cereal products. The survey consisted of 18 flour and 13 unprocessed cereal samples and one hulled grain sample from 22 flour mills. According to the results, the mean ²¹⁰Pb/²¹⁰Po concentrations in wheat grains, wheat flour, rye flour, oat grains and barley grains were 0.29, 0.12, 0.29, 0.36 and 0.36 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. Combined with the consumption rates of the products, we assess that the mean effective doses from ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po in cereal products for the adult male and female population are 22 and 17 μSv per year, respectively.     

Grain size partitioning of platinum-group elements in road-deposited sediments: implications for anthropogenic flux estimates from autocatalysts

Twelve road-deposited sediment samples were analyzed for platinum-group elements (PGEs) and Pb in the <63 microm fraction of an urban watershed in Hawaii. Three samples were further fractionated into five size classes, from 63-125 microm to 1000-2000 microm, and these were analyzed for PGEs and Pb. Concentrations in the <63 microm fraction reached 174 microg/kg (Pt), 101 microg/kg (Pd), 16 microg/kg (Rh), and 1.3 microg/kg (Ir). Enrichment ratios followed the sequence Rh>Pt=Pd>Ir. Iridium was geogenic in origin, while the remaining PGEs indicated significant anthropogenic contamination. Palladium, Pt and Rh concentrations and enrichment signals were consistent with PGE bivariate ratios and PGE partitioning in three-way catalysts. Size partitioning indicated that the <63 microm fraction had the lowest PGE concentrations and mass loading percentages. These data suggest that autocatalyst PGE flux estimates into the environment will be significantly underestimated if only a fine grain size fraction is analyzed.     

干法脱硫非均匀初始孔隙率数学模型

分析了晶粒模型的优缺点,并针对晶粒模型的缺陷提出了一种晶粒模型的改进模型。改进后的模型考虑到颗粒内部初始孔隙率的非均匀性,建立了一个初始孔隙率沿半径变化的单颗粒脱硫数学模型。     

退耕还林工程对农户生产生活影响研究

研究退耕还林工程与农户的关系对于退耕还林后续问题解决,完善工程具有重要意义.该研究在准格尔旗多年农户调查的基础上,对该旗退耕还林工程初期(2002年)和后期(2010年)农户生产生活情况进行了对比研究,主要探讨了退耕还林工程对农户家庭结构、收入水平和结构的影响,以及农户对退耕还林态度、禁牧圈养态度变化和对退耕还林工程评价,最后分析了农户返耕决策.研究结果表明:受访农户平均年龄由2002年的35.02岁上升为2010年的45.32岁,年轻农户比重明显下降;户均人口从2002年的3.75人下降到2010年的2.8人.农户人均毛收入由2002年的1 332.03元增长为2010年的5447.77元;收入结构也由牧业为主转为外出务工为主;养羊农户比重明显减小,但户均规模有增大的趋势.农户依然高度支持退耕还林,但对退耕补贴的满意度下降,大部分依然赞成禁牧和圈养,但支持力度有不同程度的下降.农户将退耕地返耕可能性较小,且大部分受访农户还支持进一步退耕.