乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的不确定度评定研究

采用乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量,并分析了测量过程中不确定度的来源:样品和标准物质的称量,容量瓶、移液管和滴定管的体积,以及测量的重复性等.在此基础上对各不确定度分量进行评定,并计算得到合成不确定度和扩展不确定度.最后提出了在测定过程中减小不确定度的有效途径,认为乙酸铵交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量的结果不确定度主要来源于重复性测定,增加测量次数可以减小重复性的不确定度,从而降低测定不确定度.当土壤中阳离子交换量为22.5 cmol(+)/kg时,扩展不确定度为1.0 cmol(+)/kg,置信水平为95%.     

基于资源环境承载力的渤海滨海城市产业结构综合评价

以经济效益、资源产出力、资源环境承载力相协调为目标,在多层次评价指标体系下,引入产业结构综合评价坐标系统(CECS,comprehensive evaluating coordinate system),对基于资源环境承载力的产业结构进行定性和定量相结合的描述分析,在分析产业结构构成时综合运用统计学方法和威孚-托马斯逼...     

Mercury removal from aqueous solution using petal-like MoS2 nanosheets

• Synthesized few-layered MoS₂ nanosheets via surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method. • Synthesized MoS₂ nanosheets show petal-like morphology. • Adsorbent showed 93% of mercury removal efficiency. • The adsorption of mercury is attributed to negative zeta potential (-21.8 mV). Recently, different nanomaterial-based adsorbents have received greater attention for the removal of environmental pollutants, specifically heavy metals from aqueous media. In this work, we synthesized few-layered MoS₂ nanosheets via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method and utilized them as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of mercury from aqueous media. The synthesized MoS₂ nanosheets showed petal-like morphology as confirmed by scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis. The average thickness of the nanosheets is found to be about 57 nm. Possessing high stability and negative zeta potential makes this material suitable for efficient adsorption of mercury from aqueous media. The adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and adsorbent dose. The kinetics of adsorption and reusability potential of the adsorbent were also performed. A pseudo-second-order kinetics for mercury adsorption was observed. As prepared MoS₂ nanosheets showed 93% mercury removal efficiency, whereas regenerated adsorbent showed 91% and 79% removal efficiency in the respective 2^nd and 3^rd cycles. The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 289 mg/g at room temperature.     

海南省自然生态承载力研究

自然生态承载力是当前国际可持续发展定量研究的前沿问题之一。提出按照各类土地的实际生产能力和实际生态服务功能计算各类土地的生态承载力,将消纳污染和水资源的供给功能纳入区域自然生态承载力计算模型,并简称该方法为"实际供给法"。依据海南省统计年鉴资料和生态调查资料,应用"实际供给法"计算和分析了海南省1952~2004年自然生态承载力的动态变化特征:①海南省自然生态承载力长期持续增长,由1952年的7.0804hm²/人上升到2004年的8.5984hm²/人,增加了1.5180hm²/人,年均增长0.4%;②可再生资源生态承载力占总生态承载力的绝大部分,1952年和2004年分别占98.6%和92.3%,而不可再生资源生态承载力仅分别占1.4%和7.7%;③水资源生态承载力呈跳跃式下降,从1952年的6.8165hm²/人下降到2004年的0.4473hm²/人;耕地、海域和淡水水域的承载力呈上升趋势,分别从1952年的0.1277、0.0057和0.0001hm2/人上升到2004年的2.6066、3.1192和1.1468hm²/人,其它土地类型生态承载力变化不明显;④在生态承载力组成中,水资源比例由大到小变化显著,从96.3%下降到5.2%,耕地、海域的比例由小到大变化显著,分别从1.8%、0.1%上升到30.3%、36.3%,其它土地都由小到大,但所占比例较小;海域、耕地和水资源是海南生态承载力的主要贡献因素,三者之和占到总量的71.8%~98.2%。并分析了海南省自然生态承载力动态变化的原因。     

应用多维多箱与高斯复合模型研究大气环境容量

根据北京市自然环境、污染气象特征、大气环境过程及区域污染源分布等信息,建立了用于大气环境质量预测的多维多箱与高斯模型结合的复合模型,结合大气环境质量标准计算了不同达标率下北京市的大气PM10环境容量.研究结果表明,复合模型综合考虑了各类影响因素,预测大气环境质量时产生的相对误差较小,能有效地应用于城市大气环境容量计算.     

Capacity of Management Plans for Aquatic Invasive Species to Integrate Climate Change

Abstract:  The consequences of climate change will affect aquatic ecosystems, including aquatic invasive species (AIS) that are already affecting these ecosystems. Effects on AIS include range shifts and more frequent overwintering of species. These effects may create new challenges for AIS management. We examined available U.S. state AIS management plans to assess each program's capacity to adapt to climate-change effects. We scored the adaptive capacity of AIS management plans on the basis of whether they addressed potential impacts resulting from climate change; demonstrated a capacity to adapt to changing conditions; provided for monitoring strategies; provided for plan revisions; and described funding for implementation. Most plans did not mention climate change specifically, but some did acknowledge climatic boundaries of species and ecosystem sensitivities to changing conditions. Just under half the plans mentioned changing environmental conditions as a factor, most frequently as part of research activities. Activities associated with monitoring showed the highest capacity to include information on changing conditions, and future revisions to management plans are likely to be the easiest avenue through which to address climate-change effects on AIS management activities. Our results show that programs have the capacity to incorporate information about climate-change effects and that the adaptive-management framework may be an appropriate approach.     

Benefits of Studies of Overwintering Birds for Understanding Resident Bird Ecology and Promoting Development of Conservation Capacity

Abstract:  Funding of ecological research and monitoring of Neotropical migratory birds on their overwintering grounds has benefited both migratory and permanent-resident species. Using examples from our work in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, we demonstrate that ecological research of overwintering migrants often provides information about the ecology and demography of little-known tropical resident birds. Critically important long-term monitoring in Puerto Rico with a focus on winter residents has provided information on the relationships between annual rainfall and fluctuations in resident bird populations and survival rates. It also has alerted local biologists to declines in resident bird populations, including a decline apparently driven by the entry of a brood parasite. But migrant-focused research may also have had an underappreciated effect on the development of conservation capacity and conservation efforts in host countries. Investments in research on Neotropical migrants overwintering on Hispaniola have resulted in a huge increase in field training of students and wildlife professionals, promoted conservation awareness at local and national levels, played an important role in the growth and professionalization of key environmental organizations, spawned a growing ecotourism industry for bird-watching, and driven national park management planning and conservation efforts for all bird species. We encourage funding organizations and agencies to consider the broader impacts of funding migratory-bird research and monitoring efforts, and we encourage researchers in the tropics to use protocols that provide the most information about all the birds that use the study areas involved and to be aware of important opportunities that they may have to build capacity in host countries.     

Optimum Supportable Global Population: Water Accounting and Dietary Considerations

In this paper we develop a novel, comprehensive method for estimating the global human carrying capacity in reference to food production factors and levels of food consumption. Other important interrelated dimensions of carrying capacity such as energy, non-renewable resources, and ecology are not considered here and offer opportunities for future work. Use of grain production (rain-fed/irrigated), animal product production (grazing/factory farm), diet pattern (grain/animal products), and a novel water accounting method (demand/supply) based on actual water consumption and not on withdrawal, help resolve uncertainties to find better estimates. Current Western European food consumption is used as a goal for the entire world. Then the carrying capacity lies in the range of 4.5–4.7 billion but requiring agricultural water use increase by 450–530% to 4725–5480 km³, the range based on different estimates of available water. The cost of trapping and conveying such water, will run 4.5–13.5 trillion over 50 years requiring an annual spending increase of 150–400%, straining the developing world where most of the population increase is expected. We reconfirm estimates in the literature using a dynamic model. ‘Corner scenarios’ with extreme optimistic assumptions were analyzed using the reasoning support software system GLOBESIGHT. With a hypothetical scenario with a mainly vegetarian diet (grazing only with 5% animal product), the carrying capacity can be as high as 14 billion. Ecological deterioration that surely accompanies such a population increase would negatively impact sustainable population. Using our approach the impact of ecological damage could be studied. Inter- and intra-regional inequities are other considerations that need to be studied.     

水力停留时间对复合式厌氧折流板反应器乙醇型发酵制氢系统的影响

水力停留时间(HRT)是厌氧生物制氢工艺的重要工程参数.以红糖废水为底物,研究了HRT对复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)作为乙醇型发酵制氢系统产氢效能的影响.结果表明,在设定的8~36 h范围内的5个HRT中,当HRT为12 h时,HABR制氢系统的效果最佳,产氢速率为13.86 mmol·(h·L)-1,COD去除率为51.51%,五格室的pH值在4.22~4.47之间,液相主要产物为乙醇和乙酸,第1~5格室乙醇和乙酸的比值分别为1.90、1.94、1.80、1.77、1.91,最佳能量生产为11.11 kJ·(h·L)-1.     

太原市大气污染防治战略研究

以太原市2003年-2013年大气中主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10为依据,分析了其季节、年度变化特征和外源输入的影响。2013年污染物的季节变化显示,SO2在冬季较高是受采暖排放影响;PM10在春季由于扬尘使其浓度最高。2003年-2012年间SO2和PM10浓度呈显著下降趋势,但仍较严重。重污染天气受来自西南、西北和东南方向的气团影响。太原市城区SO2和氮氧化物的排放总量已超过大气环境容量,其中主要是工业排放。对重点工业企业搬迁的方向也将对太原市空气质量改善产生影响。