Planning and governing nature-based solutions in river landscapes: Concepts,cases, and insights

Nature-based solutions (NBS), understood as actions that use ecosystem processes to address societal needs, can play important roles to future-proof river landscape development for people and nature. However, knowledge gaps exist how NBS can be planned and implemented at landscape scales. This Special Issue brings together insights and experiences from studies of assessing, planning, and implementing NBS in river landscapes in Europe and beyond. It addresses three research fields: (i) NBS effects, looking at the effectiveness of NBS to achieve ecological, social, and/or economic outcomes, (ii) NBS planning, focusing on approaches for planning and designing NBS, and (iii) NBS governance, relating to governance and business models for implementation. The twelve contributions deliver evidence on how NBS outperform conventional, rather technical solutions, provide guidance and tools to operationalize the NBS concept into practice, and showcase successful governance models of NBS in different contexts. The editorial ends with an outlook on further research needs.     

Synthesis of surface sulfated BiWO with enhanced photocatalytic performance

Sulfated BiWO (SBiWO) was synthesized by an impregnation method to enhance the visible-light-driven photoactivities of BiWO (BiWO). The characterization results verified that sulfate anion mainly anchored on the catalyst surface greatly extended the visible-light-responsive range without destroying the crystal lattice. Moreover, the SBiWO-based photoactivities were evaluated with the removal of Malachite Green (MG) under UV-Vis irradiation emitted from two microwave-powered electrodeless discharge lamps (MPEDL_-2) and under visible light (λ > 420 nm). The results demonstrated that the kinetic constant was increased 2.25 times, varying from 0.1478 (BiWO) to 0.3328 min^-1 (SBiWO-1). Similar results were also obtained for the visible light-driven reaction. Furthermore, radical scavengers such as t-butanol restricted the visible-light induced degradation of MG over BiWO and SBiWO-1. This indicated that the sulfating process increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, which was further verified by molecular probe with salicylic acid. Thus, more blue-shifting at λ = 618 nm was observed over SBiWO. On the basis of the above results, the photocatalytic mechanism over the sulfated catalyst was also discussed.     

Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza to soil quality in contrasting cropping systems

The aim of this study was to determine how the potential to rely on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) for plant nutrition differs between a conventional and a low-input cropping system in the long term. The roles of fertilisation rate, composting of recycled plant residues and stage of the rotations in the overall impact of the cropping systems on soil quality and AM were also identified. The conventional cropping system with a non-leguminous crop rotation (barley–barley–rye–oat–potato–oat) was fertilised at either full or half the recommended rate. In the low-input cropping system, one year with barley was replaced by clover, and oat was cultivated mixed with pea. Straw and clover were returned to the soil either with or without composting. In the low-input system, biotite and rock phosphate were used to compensate for K and P in the harvested yield, while animal manure was applied at the start only. After 15 years, crop growth and nutrition, AMF colonisation and soil quality were assessed in the field, while the AM contribution to growth and nutrient uptake were determined in a bioassay in a growth chamber. AM functioning made a higher contribution to soil quality in terms of crop performance and environmental benefits in the low-input cropping system than at either fertilisation rate in the conventional system. Halving fertilisation in the conventional system prevented some costs and enhanced some of the benefits of AM in comparison with full fertilisation. However, only the low-input system with composting conclusively favoured AM in comparison with the conventional system. It resulted in the highest percentage colonisation and, in a bioassay with flax and clover, gave a relative average contribution to growth of 27% and to P uptake of 68% in comparison with 4 and 36%, respectively, for the conventional cropping system with full fertilisation. Rye yield was in the low-input system without composting similar to that in the conventional system with full fertilisation, and with composting 87% of the latter one. Incorporation of clover green manure without composting inhibited AM functioning, leading to a temporary loss of AM contribution to crop performance. This effect draws attention to the impact of the form of recycled organic matter on supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling.     

绿色建筑-建筑与环境的和谐共生

人与自然、建筑从来就是不可分的。本文从绿色建筑体系入手,论述了绿色建筑的节能、技术与形式。从建筑与环境的互动中,我们看到了绿色建筑必定成为人类运用科技手段寻求与自然和谐共存,持续发展的理想建筑模式。     

退耕还林工程对农户生产生活影响研究

研究退耕还林工程与农户的关系对于退耕还林后续问题解决,完善工程具有重要意义.该研究在准格尔旗多年农户调查的基础上,对该旗退耕还林工程初期(2002年)和后期(2010年)农户生产生活情况进行了对比研究,主要探讨了退耕还林工程对农户家庭结构、收入水平和结构的影响,以及农户对退耕还林态度、禁牧圈养态度变化和对退耕还林工程评价,最后分析了农户返耕决策.研究结果表明:受访农户平均年龄由2002年的35.02岁上升为2010年的45.32岁,年轻农户比重明显下降;户均人口从2002年的3.75人下降到2010年的2.8人.农户人均毛收入由2002年的1 332.03元增长为2010年的5447.77元;收入结构也由牧业为主转为外出务工为主;养羊农户比重明显减小,但户均规模有增大的趋势.农户依然高度支持退耕还林,但对退耕补贴的满意度下降,大部分依然赞成禁牧和圈养,但支持力度有不同程度的下降.农户将退耕地返耕可能性较小,且大部分受访农户还支持进一步退耕.     

电网应急演练方案编制规范化过程及评估方法研究

电网应急演练方案编制过程的不规范,对演练评估的不重视,严重影响应急演练的效果。根据电网应急演练工作实情,从演练目标的确定、演练的情景设计、演练过程设计、演练评估方案设计、演练方案文件的编写五个环节分析应急演练方案编制规范化过程的要点。以初始场景、主事件、详细事件三个层次设计演练情景,引进情景构建思想,采用“情景-任务-能力”路线开展演练评估,并以大面积停电事件为例进行示范应用,为电网应急演练方案编制规范化建设及评估提供思路。     

APPLICABILITY OF THE GREEN AND AMPT INFILTRATION EQUATION TO RANGELANDS1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of Green and Ampt infiltration equation parameters (determined by least squares fitting of field infiltration data or predicted from soil texture properties) to characterize infiltration on spatially varying rangeland sites. It was found that a least squares regression approach reduces the physically based parameters in the Green and Ampt to empirical coefficients since negative coefficients are obtained, particularly on plots with low infiltration rates. Green and Ampt parameters predicted from soil texture data describe infiltration rates less than 3 cm/hr. The applicability of these Green and Ampt parameters appears limited to sites with lower infiltration rates. Results indicate that soil texture predictive triangles, developed to describe infiltration on agricultural soils, need revision to adequately describe infiltration patterns on rangelands.     

展望新世纪的环保产业

本文论述了人类神经绿色文明的进步与环保产业的内涵,概述了世界环保产业的发展情况,以及我国环保产业的广阔市场需求和目前存在的差距,并提出了发展我国环保产业的建议。     

新质生产力的科学内涵与绿色发展

发展新质生产力是新时期推动高质量发展和美丽中国建设的内在要求和重要着力点。本文从新质生产力的科学内涵出发,探究了新质生产力与绿色生产力之间的理论逻辑。新质生产力是一种更先进的生产力质态,体现为劳动者素质提高、劳动资料改进、劳动对象拓展、科学技术进步和管理效能提升,即经济学视角中人造资本、人力资本、生态资源等不同生产要素的配置优化,核心内涵在于人力资本累积和全要素生产率对经济产出的贡献。新质生产力和绿色生产力都以人与自然和谐共生的生产力观为根基,“新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力”,既指明了“绿色”是新质生产力的必要条件,同时又强调了新质生产力应当促进绿色发展。新质生产力有助于促进经济绿色化和绿色经济化的进一步转变,是绿色发展的驱动力。同时,绿色新质生产力驱动绿色产业与生态产品第四产业蓬勃发展,应成为新的经济增长点。     

绿色消费模式与循环经济相关性的探讨

绿色消费是循环经济在消费领域的具体形式,它要求人们的消费活动必须有利于环境保护、资源利用和人的整体素质的提高。绿色消费模式是人类发展模式的一次历史性转变,是一种人与自然相互协调的消费观,既强调消费的重要作用,又强调消费和再生产其他环节与环境的动态平衡,有利于取得人类社会和自然的协调发展。