中国循环经济和生态工业园发展中的问题辨析

文章通过回顾中国循环经济和生态工业园近十年的发展历程,结合对循环经济和生态工业园建设内在要求的分析,总结了中国近年来开展生态工业园区建设实践的发展状况、特征及建设经验,并分析了制约中国工业生态化转型的政策、体制、组织等问题。最后从政策、规划、机制、监管、科学性等角度提出了合理化建议,以有效保证生态工业园的健康、可持续发展。     

化工园区企业环境风险分级管理研究

基于构建化工园区环境风险管理体系的重要性,参考美国国家环境保护局(USEPA)的化学品事故防范风险管理指南,提出了化工园区环境风险管理的基本框架,并将企业风险分级的思想应用到化工区风险管理中,提出了三级风险管理方案。以河南省某化工园区为例进行风险识别,将园区内企业分为3个风险级别,结果表明,在该化工园区内的19家企业中,一级风险源有2个,二级风险源有1个,三级风险源有4个。对于风险级别较高的企业,除了日常的风险管理工作,还应该从环境受体调查、公众参与、完善应急预案编制等方面加大风险管理的力度,更好地实现将重大环境污染事件遏制在孕育期,有效预防环境风险事件、减轻环境危害。     

化工园区重点液态环境风险源监控布点研究

对环境风险源进行科学监控是从源头规避重大环境污染事故发生的有效途径,迄今为止我国在环境风险源监控布点方面尚未形成系统的技术方法。以化工园区重点液态环境风险源为对象,借鉴流域水质目标管理的理念,按照分区、分类、分级监控的原则,初步建立了化工园区重点液态环境风险源的监控布点方法,在阐述不同级别重点液态环境风险源监控布点区域一般要求的同时,提出了不同区域重点液态环境风险源监控布点的方法和依据,并以某化工园区为例进行了监控布点示范。     

基于环境协议的工业园区环境管理模式研究

环境协议制度在我国的实施尚处于摸索阶段,作为先进环境管理方法试验田的工业园区,应率先在环境管理激励机制中采用这一制度并配合环境目标、制衡型环境管理形成制约体系,促进环境协议的践行。本文在探索基于环境协议的工业园区环境管理先进模式的研究中,引入了具有生态工业特点的"绿色星级企业"评价标准,与对企业的优惠措施挂钩,对环境协议制度有一定的实践意义。     

Escaping to and being active in neighbourhood parks: park use in a post-disaster setting

Neighbourhood parks may serve as a coping resource in post-disaster communities, yet little is known about the impact of large-scale disasters on park use. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005) on park use by visitors from flooded areas of New Orleans, Louisiana, compared to visitors from non-flooded areas. In 2006 and 2007, following Hurricane Katrina, 201 adults who visited 27 New Orleans parks were interviewed. Visitors from flooded neighbourhoods used their parks less often and were less likely to engage in animal interaction than visitors from non-flooded neighbourhoods. They placed more importance on escape and physically-active motivations than visitors from non-flooded areas. Social reasons were also more important to visitors from flooded areas, but these differences disappeared after adjusting for race. Neighbourhood parks are a community asset that may play a role in the post-disaster recovery process by providing opportunities for escape and physical activity.     

Use of Small-area Data to Support a Community Agenda in Boston Chinatown

Boston Chinatown is a community that grapples with a constant pressure from the downtown area to build new and larger buildings. The effort to preserve the residential aspect of Chinatown has used data analysis in recent years by forming partnerships with academics. This has allowed for more sophisticated studies of traffic injuries, scientific surveys of residents about environmental health, the measurement of noise levels and the construction of physical and electronic mapping of data. While not the only factor contributing to the community's efforts to question the role of development, these data have added useful tools that reduce, but do not eliminate, the disparity between what the community brings to discussions about the environmental impact of development and what the developers have at their disposal.     

Disparities in the provision of public parks in neighbourhoods with varied Latino composition in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

ABSTRACT

This article examines the provision of public parks in Latino and non-Latino neighbourhoods in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. Though previous research has examined the socio-spatial distribution of urban parks, few have analysed both accessibility and variations in park features associated with the Latino composition of neighbourhoods. In this study, geographical information systems were employed to assess the availability and accessibility of neighbourhood parks, and Google Earth was used to audit their natural and built environmental features. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Games-Howell post hoc test was applied to examine the hypothesis that park resources are not equitably distributed across neighbourhoods, and that Latino places are disproportionally affected by a suboptimal provision of park space and services. The analysis points to invariance across neighbourhoods in terms of quantity and features of public parks, so the expected systemic pattern of inequality affecting Latino neighbourhoods in Phoenix Metro was not found. The study suggests, however, some areas wherein cities in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area could act to improve the allocation of public park resources and engage the diversity of local populations.     

化工园区地震Na-Tech事件快速风险评估方法

为有效评估地震灾害与化工园区工业事故的耦合风险,在分析地震灾害作用于化工园区致灾特征的基础上,理清化工园区的主要承灾体类型,辨识出地震破坏承灾体单元后引发的火灾、爆炸、中毒等工业事故的主要影响因素,采用层次分析法(AHP),提出综合考虑地震灾害与工业事故耦合作用的Na-Tech事件快速风险评估方法。该方法以化工园区企业为评估单位,根据评估结果划定企业Na-Tech事件风险等级,并将此方法应用于某化工园区企业的风险评估。结果表明:该方法可操作性强,计算所需数据量小,且能有效反映地震Na-Tech事件风险特点。     

关于建立工业园区统一规范碳核算方法体系的思考

工业园区是中国制造业发展的重要载体与做好碳达峰碳中和的关键支撑，建立统一规范的碳核算方法，是园区科学推进低碳发展的必要前提。本研究剖析了园区碳核算的复杂性，明确了园区“双碳”工作的核心要义，建立了“一芯四核”互馈式园区碳核算方法框架。该框架主要包括应用目标与范围定义、流分析与排放清单建立、碳排放计算、结果解释与决策支撑四个核心环节，四“核”间相互作用、迭代优化，根据园区发展实际进行具象化，并充分考虑向上与所在行政区域碳核算清单、向下与企业碳排放核算兼容，最终服务于准确把握低碳发展内涵、锻造新的产业竞争优势这一关键内“芯”。进一步地，研究阐述了“一芯四核”方法框架各主要步骤，分析了园区碳核算实践中面临的园区边界、核算范围、清单建立、数据质量等方面的难点，提出了基于检验清单的各环节工作原则、操作步骤及注意事项。研究为“千园千面”的工业园区提供了科学统一的碳核算理论框架，可为工业园区在低碳转型中锻造新的产业竞争优势提供决策支撑，为建立统一规范碳排放统计核算体系奠定方法基础。