Development of a novel mathematical model using a group contribution method for prediction of ionic liquid toxicities

A new mathematical model has been developed that expresses the toxicities (EC₅₀ values) of a wide variety of ionic liquids (ILs) towards the freshwater flea Daphnia magna by means of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). The data were analyzed using summed contributions from the cations, their alkyl substituents and anions. The model employed multiple linear regression analysis with polynomial model using the MATLAB software. The model predicted IL toxicities with R² = 0.974 and standard error of estimate of 0.028. This model affords a practical, cost-effective and convenient alternative to experimental ecotoxicological assessment of many ILs.     

Conspecific threat,predation avoidance,and resource defense: implications for grouping in langurs

Data on langur (Presbytis entellus) populations were gathered from the literature to test the importance of three selective pressures in determining group size and composition: predation pressure, intergroup resource defense, and conspecific threat. There were no detectable difference in the size of groups in populations facing nearly intact predator communities compared to those populations where predators were severely reduced in number or absent, although there was a trend for the number of adult males per group to increase in areas with nearly intact predator communities. Using population density as an indirect measure of the frequency of intrusions into a group’s home range and thereby as an index of the demographic pressure favoring resource defense, we predicted that higher densities would result in larger defensive coalitions and higher numbers of females per group. This prediction was not upheld. Our third selective pressure, conspecific threat, encompasses those selective forces resulting from physical attack on females, infants, and juveniles. Our index of conspecific threat uses the number of non-group males divided by the number of bisexual groups, because in langurs, the major source of conspecific threat derives from non-group males who, following group take-over, kill infants, wound females, and expel juveniles from groups. This index of conspecific threat was strongly related to the mean number of resident females, was weakly related to the mean group size, but was not related to the number of males in the group. In addition, as predicted, populations with a high index of conspecific threat had higher levels of juvenile expulsion. These analyses were corroborated by a simulation model which used a computer-generated series of null populations to calculate expected slopes of immatures regressed on adult females. These randomly generated populations, matched to means and ranges of real populations, allowed us to determine if deviations of the observed slopes from the expected null slopes could be explained by variation in predation pressure, population density, or conspecific threat. We found no evidence that predation pressure was associated with decreases in immature survival in smaller groups, as would be predicted by the predation-avoidance hypothesis. We found no evidence that immature survival was compromised by small group size in high-density populations, as would be predicted by the resource-defense hypothesis. However, as the index of conspecific threat increased, groups with larger numbers of females were more successful than groups with fewer females in reducing mortality or expulsion of immatures. Overall, conspecific threat received the strongest support as a selective pressure influencing langur group size and composition, suggesting that this selective pressure should be evaluated more widely as a factor influencing composition of animal groups. Received: 23 January 1995/Accepted after revision: 18 February 1996     

朝鲜晚奥陶世——志留纪和泥盆纪地层发现的启示

本文在比较系统介绍朝鲜于60-70年代发现泥盆纪临律群和晚奥陶世—志留纪地层的基础上,论证前者西延登上山东半岛,后者指向辽东、冀东的可能性。     

南秦岭东江口岩体群Pb、Sr和Nd同位素地球化学特征及其对物源的制约

以区域地球化学研究成果为基础，通过Pb、Sr、Nd同位素特征分析，揭示出东江口岩体群的Pb同位素特征与南秦岭东段基底具有耦合关系，而与其它构造单元则存在明显的差异，204Pb-207Pb／206Pb，204Pb-208Pb／206Pb图解研究表明，该岩体群为下地壳源花岗岩类，Nd同位素特征（tDN和εNd（t））表明，耀岭河群最适合于作为岩体群的主要物源。该岩体群和耀岭河群的Sr同位素存在一定的差别，这可能是由于南秦岭在280－200Ma间强烈的地质作用使Rb－Sr同位素体系改造所致。     

内蒙古霍各乞铜多金属矿区多期变形及对成矿的控制

以构造解析为基础.进行霍各乞铜多金属矿区M形叠加褶皱的几何学运动学和动力学解释,总结构造对矿体的控制规律:三个世代的褶皱、韧性断层及相匹配的面理大都是成矿期构造,起运矿和容矿作用,可以划分五种控矿类型;第二世代褶皱为主形变,控制地层与矿体的展布,它与第三世代褶皱叠加的复合部位是找矿的靶区.     

粤北南雄盆地末代恐龙遗迹及其他

粤北南雄盆地是中生代末世和新生代初世的陆相沉积盆地。上白垩统富含末代恐龙、恐龙蛋和恐龙脚印化石。下第三系古新统则出现哺乳动物先驱化石。对研究恐龙的绝灭有重要科学意义。     

川西北壤塘地区西康群深海浊积砂岩沉积地球化学特征

对川西北壤塘西康群浊积砂岩的常量元素、稀土元素及微量元素的综合研究表明 ,其地球化学特征与大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘沉积物相同。综合其它地质资料可以认为 ,本区浊积岩的物源区为康滇古陆。     

复合地层盾构滚刀磨损风险等级模糊评判

针对盾构在复合地层隧道掘进过程中存在滚刀易磨损且不易判断磨损程度的施工难题,通过综合分析滚刀磨损的各种影响因素及其影响关系,总结提炼出4个磨损风险等级和五大类15个子项的关键影响指标。针对复合地层提出复合高度比和等效岩土强度的概念,综合运用两级模糊评判法和层次分析法建立了复合地层盾构滚刀磨损程度评判方法。通过对佛莞城际铁路长隆隧道复合地层段进行现场验证,证实了该方法在不进入盾构土仓的情况下,可对滚刀在盾构不同掘进距离下的磨损程度进行定性判断。     

Developing a CFD heat transfer model for applying high expansion foam in an LNG spill

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is widely used to cost-effectively store and transport natural gas. However, a spill of LNG can create a vapor cloud, which can potentially cause fire and explosion. High expansion (HEX) foam is recommended by the NFPA 11 to mitigate the vapor hazard and control LNG pool fire. In this study, the parameters that affect HEX foam performance were examined using lab-scale testing of foam temperature profile and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of heat transfer in vapor channels. A heat transfer model using ANSYS Fluent® was developed to estimate the minimum HEX foam height that allows the vapors from LNG spillage to disperse rapidly. We also performed a sensitivity analysis on the effect of the vaporization rate, the diameter of the vapor channel, and the heat transfer coefficient on the required minimum height of the HEX foam. It can be observed that at least 1.2 m of HEX foam in height are needed to achieve risk mitigation in a typical situation. The simulation results can be used not only for understanding the heat transfer mechanisms when applying HEX foam but also for suggesting to the LNG facility operator how much HEX foam they need for effective risk mitigation under different conditions.     

包钢三合明铁矿开发对生态环境的影响

《包钢三合明铁矿区西部异常区矿产资源开发利用工程》是以地下采矿和湿法磁选选矿为生产工艺流程的建设项目,本文根据工程项目的特性、建设内容、生态影响识别,结合工程厂址周围环境特征,重点分析了工程建设期、运营期对周围生态环境的影响,并提出相应防治对策。