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301.
Thomas J. Myers Sherman Swanson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(2):241-252
ABSTRACT: We compared the recovery from abusive grazing of aquatic habitat due to different range management on two geomorphically similar rangeland streams in northwest Nevada. Managers excluded livestock from the Mahogany Creek watershed from 1976 to 1990 while allowing rotation of rest grazing on its tributary Summer Camp Creek. Bank stability, defined as the lack of apparent bank erosion or deposition, improved through the study period on both streams, but periodic grazing and flooding decreased stability more on Summer Camp Creek than flooding alone on Mahogany Creek. Pool quantity and quality on each stream decreased because of coarse woody debris removal and sediment deposition during a drought. Fine stream bottom sediments decreased five years after the removal of livestock, but sedimentation increased during low flows in both streams below road crossings. Tree cover increased 35 percent at both streams. Thus, recovery of stability and cover and decreased sedimentation are compatible with rotation of rest grazing on Summer Camp Creek. Width/depth ratio and gravel/cobble percent did not change because they are inherently stable in this stream type. Management activities such as coarse woody debris removal limited pool recover and road crossings increased sedimentation. 相似文献
302.
Kenneth H. Reckhow 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(5):929-935
ABSTRACT: The US Environmental Protection Agency is currently developing guidance for assessing environmental impact using biocriteria within a regulatory framework. Of particular interest are statistical methods of design and analysis to test for impairment of biological assemblages in stream ecosystems associated with water pollution. Current recommendations emphasize frequentist statistical methods with the problem expressed as one of classical hypothesis testing. An empirical Bayes approach is proposed here as an alternative and applied for multi-site inference. The advantages of an empirical Bayes approach, in particular the substantive contribution of collateral information from nearby sites, are discussed in contrast to traditional methods that employ site-specific information only. The approach is illustrated in an application concerning trends in the Index of Biotic Integrity (IHI) for the Scioto River in Ohio. 相似文献
303.
Brazner JC Tanner DK Detenbeck NE Batterman SL Stark SL Jagger LA Snarski VM 《Environmental management》2004,33(6):855-875
As part of a comparative watershed project investigating land-cover/land-use disturbance gradients for streams in the western Lake Superior Basin, we examined general relationships between landscape character and fish assemblage structure and function. We also examined the shape of those relationships to identify discontinuity thresholds where small changes in landscape character were associated with marked shifts in the fish assemblages. After completing a geographic analysis of second- and third-order watersheds in the western Lake Superior drainage, we randomly selected 48 streams along mature forest and watershed storage gradients in 2 hydrogeomorphic regions as our study sites. During the summers of 1997 and 1998, we used electrofishing to sample fish assemblages from each stream. Each of the landscape factors was significantly associated with fish assemblage structure and function based on analysis of covariance. Watershed storage was related to the greatest number of fish assemblage characteristics, but hydrogeopmorphic region and mature forest cover were strongly associated as well. The hydrogeomorphic region also mediated relationships between watershed character and fish assemblages. Discontinuity thresholds for our fish assemblages averaged 11% for watershed storage and 50% for watershed mature forest cover based on piecewise regression analysis. Although many of the landscape–fish relationships might have been manifest through effects on in-stream habitat, our results highlight the importance of management and land-use planning decisions at the watershed and landscape scales.Published online 相似文献
304.
Tamao Kasahara Alan R. Hill 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(5):1257-1269
Abstract: The effect of stream restoration on hyporheic functions has been neglected, although channel rehabilitation projects have a potential to alter stream‐ground‐water interactions. The present study examined the effect of an artificially constructed gravel bar and re‐meandered stream channel on lateral hyporheic exchange flow and chemistry in two lowland N‐rich streams in southern Ontario, Canada. Nitrate concentrations were relatively high, ranging from 0.5 to 1.3 mg N/l in both streams during spring through fall months. However, nitrate concentrations showed a steep decline as stream water entered the gravel bar and the meander bends. Differences between observed and predicted nitrate concentrations based on conservative ion concentration patterns indicated that 40‐100 and 68‐98% of the nitrate entering the hyporheic zone was removed in the gravel bar and meanders, respectively. Rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen concentrations along lateral hyporheic flow paths and denitrifying potentials assayed by the acetylene block technique in hyporheic sediments suggests that denitrification was an important mechanism of nitrate depletion. Despite the high rate of nitrate removal, the flux of stream water laterally entering the constructed gravel bar and meander bends was very small, and hyporheic nitrate removal was <0.015% of the daily stream load during base‐flow periods in summer and fall. The effects of restoration projects on hyporheic zone dynamics are often limited in lowland streams by low channel gradients and fine floodplain sediments with low interstitial flows that restrict the magnitude of the stream‐hyporheic connection. 相似文献
305.
We assessed the relationship between riparian management and stream quality along five southeastern Minnesota streams in 1995
and 1996. Specifically, we examined the effect of rotationally and continuously grazed pastures and different types of riparian
buffer strips on water chemistry, physical habitat, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish as indicators of stream quality.
We collected data at 17 sites under different combinations of grazing and riparian management, using a longitudinal design
on three streams and a paired watershed design on two others. Continuous and rotational grazing were compared along one longitudinal
study stream and at the paired watershed. Riparian buffer management, fenced trees (wood buffer), fenced grass, and unfenced
rotationally grazed areas were the focus along the two remaining longitudinal streams. Principal components analysis (PCA)
of water chemistry, physical habitat, and biotic data indicated a local management effect. The ordinations separated continuous
grazing from sites with rotational grazing and sites with wood buffers from those with grass buffers or rotationally grazed
areas. Fecal coliform and turbidity were consistently higher at continuously grazed than rotationally grazed sites. Percent
fines in the streambed were significantly higher at sites with wood buffers than grass and rotationally grazed areas, and
canopy cover was similar at sites with wood and grass buffers. Benthic macroinvertebrate metrics were significant but were
not consistent across grazing and riparian buffer management types. Fish density and abundance were related to riparian buffer
type, rather than grazing practices. Our study has potentially important implications for stream restoration programs in the
midwestern United States. Our comparisons suggest further consideration and study of a combination of grass and wood riparian
buffer strips as midwestern stream management options, rather than universally installing wood buffers in every instance.
RID=" ID=" The Unit is jointly sponsored by the US Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division; the Minnesota Department
of Natural Resources; the University of Minnesota; and the Wildlife Management Institute. 相似文献
306.
Non-native brook trout have become widely established in North European streams. We combined evidence from an artificial-stream
experiment and drainage-scale field surveys to examine whether brook trout suppressed the growth of the native brown trout
(age 0 to age 2). Our experimental results demonstrated that brown trout were unaffected by the presence of brook trout but
that brook trout showed reduced growth in the presence of brown trout. However, the growth reduction only appeared in the
experimental setting, indicating that the reduced spatial constraint of the experimental system may have forced the fish to
unnaturally intense interactions. Indeed, in the field, no effect of either species on the growth of the putative competitor
was detected. These results caution against uncritical acceptance of findings from small-scale experiments because they rarely
scale up to more complex field situations. This and earlier work suggest that the establishment of brook trout in North European
streams has taken place mainly because of the availability of unoccupied (or underutilized) niche space, rather than as a
result of species trait combinations or interspecific competition per se.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
307.
308.
The Influence of Two‐Stage Ditches with Constructed Floodplains on Water Column Nutrients and Sediments in Agricultural Streams
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Robert T. Davis Jennifer L. Tank Ursula H. Mahl Sarah G. Winikoff Sarah S. Roley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(4):941-955
The two‐stage ditch is a novel management practice originally implemented to increase bank stability through floodplain restoration in channelized agricultural streams. To determine the effects of two‐stage construction on sediment and nutrient loads, we monitored turbidity, and also measured total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) species, and phosphorus (P) after two‐stage ditch construction in reference and manipulated reaches of four streams. Turbidity decreased during floodplain inundation at all sites, but TSS and P, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) decreased only in the two‐stage ditches with longer duration of inundation. Both TSS and TP were positively correlated within individual streams, but neither were correlated with turbidity. Phosphorus was elevated in the stream to which manure was applied adjacent to the two‐stage reach, but not the reference reach, suggesting that landscape nutrient management plans could restrict nutrient transport to the stream, ultimately determining the efficacy of instream management practices. In addition, ammonium and nitrate decreased in two‐stage reaches with lower initial N concentrations. Overall, results suggest that turbidity, TSS, and TP were reduced during floodplain inundation, but the two‐stage alone may not be effective for managing high inorganic N loads. 相似文献
309.
Empirical Estimation of Stream Discharge Using Channel Geometry in Low‐Gradient,Sand‐Bed Streams of the Southeastern Plains
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Stephen A. Sefick Latif Kalin Ely Kosnicki Brad P. Schneid Miller S. Jarrell Chris J. Anderson Michael H. Paller Jack W. Feminella 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(4):1060-1071
Manning's equation is used widely to predict stream discharge (Q) from hydraulic variables when logistics constrain empirical measurements of in‐bank flow events. Uncertainty in Manning's roughness (nM) is the major source of error in natural channels, and sand‐bed streams pose difficulties because flow resistance is affected by flow‐dependent bed configuration. Our study was designed to develop and validate models for estimating Q from channel geometry easily derived from cross‐sectional surveys and available GIS data. A database was compiled consisting of 484 Q measurements from 75 sand‐bed streams in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina (Southeastern Plains), and Florida (Southern Coastal Plain), with six New Zealand streams included to develop statistical models to predict Q from hydraulic variables. Model error characteristics were estimated with leave‐one‐site‐out jackknifing. Independent data of 317 Q measurements from 55 Southeastern Plains streams indicated the model (Q = AcRH0.6906S0.1216; where Ac is the channel area, RH is the hydraulic radius, and S is the bed slope) best predicted Q, based on Akaike's information criterion and root mean square error. Models also were developed from smaller Q range subsets to explore if subsets increased predictive ability, but error fit statistics suggested that these were not reasonable alternatives to the above equation. Thus, we recommend the above equation for predicting in‐bank Q of unbraided, sandy streams of the Southeastern Plains. 相似文献
310.
Cidney J. Jones Peggy A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(1):251-262
Complex relationships between stream functions and processes make evaluation of stream modification projects difficult. Informed by vague objectives and minimal monitoring data, post‐construction project evaluations can often be a subjective attribution of success or failure. This article provides a simple framework to rapidly describe the degree of damage in stream modification projects performed in constrained settings. Based on widely accepted evaluations of physical habitat quality and stream stability, the damage states framework describes a continuum of damage in multiple categories that relate natural stream functions to the often desired state of static equilibrium. Given that channel form is closely related to stream function, it follows that changes to the channel form result in changes in function. The damage states focus on damage to flow hydraulics, sediment transport and channel equilibrium, hydraulic, and geomorphic parameters that describe basic stream functioning and support higher level functions in the modified channel. The damage states can be used in decision making as a systematic method to determine the need for repair and design adjustments. 相似文献