Ancillary benefits of reduced air pollution in the US from moderate greenhouse gas mitigation policies in the electricity sector

Actions to slow atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases also would reduce conventional air pollutants yielding “ancillary” benefits that tend to accrue locally and in the near-term. Using a detailed electricity model linked to an integrated assessment framework to value changes in human health, we find a tax of $25 per metric ton of carbon emissions would yield NO_x-related health benefits of about $8 per metric ton of carbon reduced in the year 2010 (1997 dollars). Additional savings of $4–$7 accrue from reduced investment in NO_x and SO₂ abatement in order to comply with emission caps. Total ancillary benefits of a $25 carbon tax are $12–$14, which appear to justify the costs of a $25 tax, although marginal benefits are less than marginal costs. At a tax of $75, greater total benefits are achieved but the value per ton of carbon reductions remains roughly constant at about $12.     

基于负压法炮弹气密性检测方法研究

目的 实现炮弹气密性检测及其自动化、智能化设备的开发.方法 提出了一种基于负压法的炮弹气密性检测方法.首先,阐述了负压法气密性检测工作原理和实施流程,并对炮弹检测设备的用例模型和检测设备功能框架进行了讨论.其次,针对工程实际,详细给出了测量腔安装密封性计算、测量腔泄漏的压差泄漏率计算、测量腔的初始测量压力值计算、炮弹气体泄漏量计算等检测算法和判定方法.结果 基于负压法的炮弹气密性检测方法的灵敏度比正压法高.结论 本方法可为实现对全弹的气密性检验提供参考,同时也可促进和指导炮弹气密性检验设备的研制,将有效保障炮弹气密性检验自动化设备开发效率和有效性.     

Fine and ultrafine particle-and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affecting southern Thailand air quality during transboundary haze and potential health effects

Distribution of PM_0.1,PM₁and PM_2.5particle-and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) during the 2019 normal,partial and strong haze periods at a background location in southern Thailand were investigated to understand the behaviors and carcinogenic risks PM₁was the predominant component,during partial and strong haze periods,accounting for 45.1%and 52.9%of total suspended particulate matter,respectively,while during nor mal period the contribution...     

基于神经网络评估的密封点泄漏检测

介绍了运用神经网络评估方法对石化生产装置泄漏风险进行量化评估的主要程序：输入变量的选择、风险指标的确定及总风险评估指标的确定等。以某炼油厂柴油加氢精制装置的应用为例,说明该方法可以指导企业根据最终确定的风险等级制定泄漏检测计划,对高风险部位增加检测的频次,既能有效监控密封点的密封效果,又减少不必要的资源投入。     

山东口岸进口再生资源环保项目不合格情况分析

通过对2008年山东口岸进口废塑料、废金属、废纸、纺织品废物等主要再生资源环保项目不合格情况的分析,剖析了出现环保项目不合格的主要原因,归纳了出现环保项目不合格再生资源在来源国家、境外供货企业上的分布特点,有针对性地提出了降低进口再生资源环保项目不合格率的建议。     

The effect of contextual information on professional judgment: Reliability and biasability of expert workplace safety inspectors

Introduction: A critical aspect of occupational safety is workplace inspections by experts, in which hazards are identified. Scientific research demonstrates that expectation generated by context (i.e., prior knowledge and experience) can bias the judgments of professionals and that individuals are largely unaware when their judgments are affected by bias. Method: The current research tested the reliability and biasability of expert safety inspectors’ judgments. We used a two-study design (Study 1, N = 83; Study 2, N = 70) to explore the potential of contextual, task-irrelevant, information to bias professionals’ judgments. We examined three main issues: (1) the effect that biasing background information (safe and unsafe company history) had on professional regulatory safety inspectors’ judgments of a worksite; (2) the reliability of those judgments amongst safety inspectors and (3) inspectors’ awareness of bias in their judgments and confidence in their performance. Results: Our findings establish that: (i) inspectors’ judgments were biased by historical contextual information, (ii) they were not only biased, but the impact was implicit: they reported being unaware that it affected their judgments, and (iii) independent of our manipulations, inspectors were inconsistent with one another and the variations were not a product of experience. Conclusion: Our results are a replication of findings from a host of other professional domains, where honest, hardworking professionals underappreciate the biasing effect of context on their decision making. The current paper situates these findings within the relevant research on safety inspection, cognitive bias and decision making, as well as provides suggestions for bias mitigation in workplace safety inspection. Practical Application: Our results have implications for occupational health and safety given that inspection is an integral aspect of an effective safety system. In addition to our findings, this study contributes to the literature by providing recommendations regarding how to mitigate the effect of bias in inspection.     

Evolution of working conditions under the impact of ICTs

IntroductionInformation and communication technologies (ICTs) play a major role in the current evolution of work. They are both a great tool for emancipating human beings from the most tedious and most dangerous tasks and an effective vector for intensifying work.MethodsOn the basis of three foresight exercises carried out in recent years and by describing concrete examples of work organizations, the authors highlight the main possible trends for the changes to come.ConclusionsThey conclude on a few general principles that could allow the establishment of a win–win policy.     

生态健康、生态风险、生态安全概念辨析

在人类活动影响下,生态系统退化的速度越来越快,作为衡量生态系统存在状态的生态健康、生态风险、生态安全评价日益受到重视。然而,目前对于3个概念的界定不够明晰,在评价过程中指标体系混淆混用,致使理论研究也固步不前,影响了对实践的指导意义。生态健康、生态风险、生态安全的联系体现在评价主体的一致性和生态安全评价需要以生态健康评价、生态风险评价为基础;而三者的区别体现在内涵、评价对象以及评价的指标体系3个方面。     

液化烃球罐的安全分析

从材料选择、结构设计、制造和现场组焊、安全附件和运行管理等方面对液态烃球罐的安全性进行了分析,提出了保障液化烃球罐安全运行的具体措施。     

健康风险评价的基本程序与方法

介绍了健康风险评价方法的发展过程,它对环境管理的意义以及进行评价的基本程序和方法。对评价的四个阶段:危害鉴定,剂量-反应关系评估、暴露评估、风险评定等所涉及的基本概念和计算公式作了较为详尽的解释。