海洋柴油溢油油水快速分离的应用研究

针对海洋柴油溢油,采用破乳剂对油水快速分离进行了研究.分别对油水比、温度、破乳剂量及存在Ca2 、Mg2 的影响因素,进行了系列油水快速分离试验,并测定了破乳剂作用下乳液的界面张力.试验结果表明,柴油溢油形成的乳液稳定性较差,油水分离较容易,但分离后的水中含油量较高.加入聚醚类非离子型破乳剂FA、FB、FC和FD,可达到油水低温、快速分离的目的,且分离后的水中含油量较低.随着破乳剂浓度的增加,界面张力降低,当破乳剂浓度达到临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,界面张力最小,脱水效果最好.Ca2 、Mg2 对聚醚类非离子型破乳剂的影响很小.     

污染土壤的微波辐照技术研究进展

简要介绍了土壤污染的状况,总结了国外学者对重金属和有机物两大类污染土壤所进行的微波修复工作,探讨了修复机理及影响因素,最后展望了微波修复污染土壤的研究重点.     

杂质对硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度的影响

利用自制装置对含杂质的硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度进行测试研究.结果表明,Cl-单独作用在一定程度上抑制硝酸铵溶液的热分解,提高了其临界爆炸温度;pH值一定时,随着Cl-浓度的增大,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度呈指数形式降低;Cl-浓度一定时,pH值越小,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度越低;油脂会降低硝酸铵溶液的热稳定性.该结果...     

氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程爆炸分析与计算

分析总结了氧气钢瓶物理爆炸和化学爆炸的原因。针对2009年某市发生的一起氧气瓶内含油脂爆炸事故,系统分析了国内曾经发生的几次因油脂导致气瓶爆炸事故。油脂进入到氧气瓶内大都是由于误操作。油脂与高压纯氧接触会发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致爆炸破裂。分析比较发现由油脂导致的气瓶爆炸,其破坏程度不如混入可燃气体导致的气瓶爆炸剧烈,一般不是粉碎性爆炸。在正常的充氧过程中,氧气瓶温度会升高,采用变质量热力学中的方法,计算说明气瓶在充装过程中氧气温度的具体变化。充氧温度计算为充氧工作人员提供参考,如发现异常情况,可以及时地控制和预防。由现场压力表可知氧气瓶在充装至12MPa时发生爆炸,而氧气瓶最小爆炸压力为37.6MPa,油脂燃烧放热,计算可知致使钢瓶爆炸破裂所需要的最小油脂量,为66.4-79.6g。不同的充装压力下发生爆炸,所需要的最小油脂量不同,充装压力越高,爆炸所需要的最小油脂量越少。     

油田供电企业建立HSE管理体系的探讨

介绍了中国石化HSE管理体系的基本要素和管理模型,通过对油田供电企业安全生产现状的分析,提出了油田供电企业建立HSE管理体系的方法和步骤.     

加强发证检验工作确保海上石油生产安全

针对国家关于海上石油天然气生产设施检验和石油作业安全管理的相关规定,结合胜利油田开展发证检验工作的实际情况。对当前海上石油生产设施发证检验过程中存在的问题进行了探究,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响与防治对策

分析了石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响,提出了预防泄漏措施.     

几种螯合剂对污染土壤的重金属提取效率的研究

在Cd,Pb污染的土壤上,采用批提取实验(batchexperiment),研究了几种螯合剂和不同的水土比对重金属提取效率的影响。结果表明:螯合剂对Cd的提取效率随着各淋洗剂浓度的提高而逐渐提高,相同浓度下各淋洗剂的提取效率大小顺序依次为EDTA>DTPA>NTA>PA>CA>CD>HCl。随水土比提高,相应的提取效率也提高。几种淋洗剂中只有EDTA对Pb和Cd都能达到理想的淋洗效果。     

Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways

The use of coal fly ash (CFA), municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) and flue gas desulfurization residue (FGDR) in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model (WiscLEACH) indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30 years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.     

Heavy metals and their source identification in particulate matter (PM2.5) in Isfahan City, Iran

The presence of heavy metals(HMs) in particulate matters(PMs) particularly fine particles such as PM_(2.5) poses potential risk to the health of human being. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents of HMs in PM_(2.5) in the atmospheric monitoring stations in Isfahan city,Iran, in different seasons between March 2014 and March 2015 and their source identification using principle component analysis(PCA). The samples of PM_(2.5) were taken using a high volume sampler in 7 monitoring stations located throughout the city and industrial zones since March 2014 to March 2015. The HMs content of the samples was measured using ICP-MS.The results showed that the concentrations of As, Cd and Ni were in a range of 23–36, 1–12,and 5–76 ng/m~3 at all the stations which exceeded the US-EPA standards. Furthermore,the concentrations of Cr and Cu reached to 153 and 167 ng/m~3 in some stations which were also higher than the standard levels. Depending on the potential sources of HMs, their concentration in PM_(2.5) through the various seasons was different. PCA illustrated that the different potential sources of HMs in the atmosphere, showing that the most important sources of HMs originated from fossil fuel combustion, abrasion of vehicle tires, industrial activities(e.g., iron and steel industries) and dust storms. Management and control of air pollution of industrial plants and vehicles are suggested for decreasing the risk of the HMs in the region.