生物技术在油气田环境污染治理中的应用

介绍了生物技术及其在环境污染治理中的应用状况，根据我国油气田环境污染治理现状，提出了生物技术在我国油气田环境污染治理中重点研究的方向和步骤以及应用前景。     

Characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and their extinguishment by water mist

Large cooking oil pool fires, occurring in industrial oil cookers, present a severe hazard to food processing plants due to their size and the large amount of hot oil involved. This paper reports a series of full-scale fire experiments conducted in a large industrial oil cooker mock-up. The characteristics of large cooking oil pool fires and the effect of oil depth and hood position in the oil cooker on fire growth were studied. The use of water mist for extinguishing large oil pool fires and their extinguishing performance under different discharge pressure and with different types of water mist systems were investigated. Experimental results showed that the cooking oil underwent a substantial expansion in volume during heating. The fires developed quickly once the oil auto-ignited. The fire growth rate was affected by the oil depth in the pan and the hood position in the oil cooker. The water mist fire suppression systems effectively extinguished large cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-igniting. Their extinguishing performance was determined by the type of water mist system, discharge pressure and hood position in the oil cooker.     

水环境中重金属的生物积累研究及应用

本文综述了水环境中重金属在水生生物体内（包括鱼类的鳃、软体动物及贝类的肾、肝和肌肉等组织器官）蓄积研究现状及蓄积规律。利用生物积累的特性，为重金属污染的防治及生物监测提供参考。     

炼油污水深度处理回用工艺实验研究

试验工艺流程的方案选定,充分吸收了各炼油厂进行的污水深度处理的成功试验经验,以原臭氧生物活性炭工艺单元为基础,提出了以混凝气浮与臭氧生物活性炭串联工艺为核心的总体工艺流程,以降低工程投资及处理成本,提高污水回用的经济效益;同时,指出试验过程中所存在的问题及其对策。因此,开展炼油污水深度处理回用工艺试验研究,必将为炼油污水深度处理提供强有力的技术支撑,可作为相关污水回用处理工艺选择的参考。     

含油污泥固化处理后油的迁移研究

利用紫外分光光度计和索氏抽提器,研究了温度、土壤含水率以及水泥与污泥的不同比例等因素在不同时间对含油污泥固化后油迁移的影响。试验结果表明:对于强度为3.84MPa的污泥固化块,油的迁移量从240h迁移6.8mg变为480h迁移178mg,之后变化较小。在20℃～30℃时,随着温度的增加,迁移量从6.8mg增加到20.6mg,超过30℃以后迁移量的增幅变小。水泥与污泥的比例从1∶0.8增加到1∶1.4,油的迁移量从256mg降到27.2mg,之后未检测到。960h后,迁移量达到348mg,此时土壤中油含量为1.16%,在环境的自净作用下,土壤能完全容纳;强度大于9.56MPa时未检测到油。这表明用固化法处理油田含油污泥是安全可靠的。     

美国油气开发钻井废物排放管理法规浅析

钻井是石油天然气勘探开发过程中的重要环节,钻井过程中污染物的排放管理也受到各国普遍的重视。对钻井污染物的特点进行了分析,在此基础上概括地介绍了美国的相关环境管理法规体系。重点论述了与钻井排污有关的资源保护与补偿法、安全饮用水法、清洁水法等,总结了可供我国借鉴的若干法规、标准制定的理念和方法。     

稠油污水处理系统改造与絮凝剂筛选试验研究

河南油田井楼稠油联合站含油污水中的污油和悬浮物含量较高,超过150mg/L。为此,对该处理系统进行了改造,并对絮凝剂的筛选进行了试验。结果表明:无机絮凝剂与有机絮凝剂联合作用,可对污水中所含有的污油和有机物杂质的悬浮物产生很好的絮凝沉降效果。加药浓度、加药顺序及沉降时间均对絮凝沉降效果有一定的影响。改造后的污水处理系统实现了污水达标回注,降低了无效回注费用。同时还回收了污油,降低了药剂成本,产生了十分明显的经济效益,每年节约成本约500万元。     

炼油污水的深度处理

对炼油污水深度处理常用技术——过滤、膜分离、化学氧化技术进行了详细的论述，并结合中试试验，对动态砂滤系统、PAN膜处理系统和高级氧化系统处理炼油厂二级排放水的适用性进行了论证。     

稠油污水生化性处理技术研究

为了探讨稠油污水能否使用生物法处理,以生活污水和农药厂生化池原菌种经过诱导驯化,分别培养了可以在稠油污水中生长的好氧菌种革兰氏阴性菌G-1和厌氧菌种革兰氏阴性菌G-2.以G-2和G-1对稠油污水进行顺序处理,可使其BOD5/CODCr达到0.26;采用SBR法对新疆稠油污水放大处理试验的结果：COD降至150 mg/L以下,各项指标达到GB8978-1998二级排放标准.     

Status and fuzzy comprehensive assessment of combined heavy metal and organo-chlorine pesticide pollution in the Taihu Lake region of China

The status of combined heavy metal and organo-chlorine pesticide (OCPs; i.e. HCH and DDT) pollution was investigated and the soil environmental quality of the Taihu Lake watershed, one of the most developed regions in China, was evaluated using a fuzzy comprehensive assessment. Statistical analyses showed the presence of combined pollution in the soil. At many sampling sites, heavy metal concentrations were above corresponding background values, indicating the effects of extraneous pollutants. It has been over 20 years since China banned the use of OCPs, but they can still be found in soil samples of this region. HCH levels at all investigated sites were below the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils. Fuzzy comprehensive assessment showed that the overall soil quality in this region could be categorized as class I. Nevertheless, the high coefficients of variation for levels of DDT, Cd and Hg indicated the existence of some point-source pollution. Continuous monitoring and further studies of the region are recommended to prevent pollution of farmland from these sources.