A root exudates based approach to assess the long-term phytoavailability of metals in biosolids-amended soils

Organic acids present in the rhizosphere of growing plants are widely recognized to be responsible for dissolving the solid phase metals in the soil and making them available for plant absorption. We proposed a root exudates-based model to assess the long-term phytoavailability of metals in biosolids-amended soils. The phytoavailability of biosolids-borne metals was defined in terms of a capacity factor and an intensity factor. The plant available metal pool, C₀ (capacity factor, mg kg⁻¹), can be estimated by fitting the successive organic acids extraction data to an exponential decay kinetic equation. The field metal removal rate, k (intensity factor, yr⁻¹), can be estimated from the successive extraction-based metal release rate through an effective annual organic acid production in the rhizosphere which was found to be characteristic of plant species. The protocol was successfully used to assess the long-term phytoavailability of metals in biosolids-amended soil from two biosolids land application sites.     

热解柚子皮吸油材料的制备及性能

热解处理柚子皮,制备吸油材料,当热解温度为400℃、热解时间为3 h时吸油倍率最高,达16.9 g/g,3 min内达到吸附饱和。对热解前后柚子皮的FTIR 和热重分析,热解损失的主要是纤维素和半纤维素。对热解前后柚子皮的比表面和电镜分析,热解之后的柚子皮呈三维网状结构,孔径增大明显,吸油倍率的提高主要是因为孔径的增大。     

4株优势菌联合挂膜对松醇油废水的治理

从铅锌矿的污泥中筛选出4株能高效降解松醇油的优势菌,经鉴定均为铜绿假单胞菌。研究了4株菌的生理生化特征、挂膜能力及对松醇油(俗称2#油)的降解能力。结果表明,上述4株菌单独挂膜能力最佳的菌株为JS19;混合菌挂膜能力优于单株菌,菌膜致密,菌体含量大。进水COD约250 mg·L-1,混合菌处理组的废水在4 d后出水COD降低到42 mg·L-1;对COD高达480 mg·L-1的含松醇油废水,菌膜处理废水在7 d后逐步稳定,出水COD低于40 mg·L-1,这表明混合菌膜挂膜稳定,抗负荷冲击能力强,更适用于工业废水的处理。     

优化复合调理促进含油污泥自持燃烧

对石化企业污水厂的含油剩余活性污泥进行超声-臭氧-生物质复合调理,破坏其稳定的胶体体系,降低泥饼的含水率,并对含油污泥复合调理的pH、温度、真空压力、超声波频率等影响因素进行优化;结果表明,在温度为35℃,pH值为3.0~5.0,超声波频率为33.2 kHz时,经生物质复合调理后,保持0.06 MPa真空压力抽滤10 min,滤饼的含水率可降到58.58%,满足污泥自持燃烧的要求;同时,从污泥絮体结 构、能量变化角度分析了不同温度和pH、超声波频率对含油污泥的作用机制;发现在偏酸性条件下,可减小污泥表面亲和力,促进污泥絮体凝聚;添加生物质在降低污泥含水率的同时也会降低污泥强度和可塑性;超声波对污泥除高能量作用外还具有空化作用,优化协调各因素对污泥絮凝沉降乃至自持燃烧作用均显著。     

Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil with vegetable oil

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of olive oil on the photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in contaminated sawmill soil. Previous studies had shown that the solubility of PCDD/Fs in olive oil is high and a rapid photodegradation of PCDD/Fs takes place in olive oil when irradiated with ultraviolet (blacklight) lamps. The efficiency of this treatment method was evaluated under more practical conditions. These included the use of sunlight irradiation and a lower-grade olive oil, without a preliminary extraction of soil with olive oil. METHODS: A 1-cm layer of contaminated sawmill soil was blended with 20 weight-% of olive oil and exposed to sunlight for four weeks. In another experiment, a new dose of olive oil was added at the middle of the exposure period. The PCDD/F concentrations of the soils were monitored periodically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A reduction in the concentration of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated PCDD/Fs by 59% and in WHO-TEQ in contaminated sawmill soil by 48% was attained after blending the soil with two doses (20 + 20%) of olive oil and exposing the mixture to sunlight for four weeks. Photodegradation with only one dose of olive oil was less efficient. This suggests that periodical additions of olive oil would be needed to maintain a proper degradation rate. After the oil additions, the WHO-TEQ content of the soil declined with first order reaction half-lives of 19.2 to 19.7 d. The overall half-life during the four-week treatment, however, was 30 d. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in the PCDD/F concentration of aged sawmill soil can be achieved with a relatively simple olive oil-sunlight treatment. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Some theoretical and technological questions need to be solved before using the investigated soil decontamination method in larger-scale applications. The functions of vegetable oils in photodegradation processes should be studied in more detail. The amount of oil that is needed for a proper solubilisation and photodegradation of PCDD/Fs should be minimised. Moreover, special care should be taken to prevent mobilisation of PCDD/Fs to the surrounding environment and to avoid leaving bioavailable residuals of PCDD/Fs in soil.     

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs) between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO) to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO ex...     

国家油气管道地图系统架构探讨

针对我国油气管道管理存在的规划统筹不足、工作衔接不畅、职责履行不力等问题,探讨建设国家油气管道地图系统并分析其架构,以期实现对油气管道的全过程管理。通过问题分析和典型事故案例剖析,明确国家油气管道地图系统的功能定位,确定油气管道全过程管理的5个关键环节;通过统筹分析信息来源和系统预期功能,分析确定系统的部署模式和未来的技术支持方式,提出系统建设标准,明确数据采集信息内容、信息报送方式以及数据变更与更新等核心要素。建立有效联系企业、政府部门和第三方的国家油气管道地图系统,实现对油气管道的全过程管理,对于保障油气管道安全运行具有重要作用。     

基于MATLAB的城市表层土壤重金属污染空间分布的研究

为全面了解某城市表层土壤重金属污染的空间分布特征,对城市表层土壤中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn进行采样分析,采用域法识别特异值进行数据处理。通过Matlab软件,利用克里格法进行空间插值,绘出各重金属浓度与各坐标投影的一维空间分布图,并绘出全城等高地形图,再以数字大小标注样本点的污染浓度,拟合各元素浓度与海拔、平面坐标之间的关系模型,将重金属空间分布特征定量化、模型化。     

Growth, yield and elements content of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in composted municipal solid wastes amended soil

A commercial formulation of composted municipal solid wastes (MSW) was used for amending soil at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha⁻¹ in which wheat had been grown (field experiments) and element residues of amended soil and plant parts were enumerated. MSW amendment caused a significant improvement in soil quality. Growth (shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, tiller number, plant dry weight and chlorophyll contents of leaves) and yield (length of panicle, number of panicles per plant and grain yield per plant) of wheat increased gradually up to the MSW-amendment level of 200 kg ha⁻¹. Elements, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb accumulated in plants from MSW amended soil, but the degree of metal accumulation was the least in seeds in comparison to other plant parts (root, stem and leaf). Moreover, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb, were in high concentration in all plant parts. It is recorded that the level of 200 kg ha⁻¹ MSW amendment caused better growth and yield of wheat, but progressive levels of metal accumulation in plant parts were recorded due to increase in amendment levels. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

2014年1月沪渝高速公路汉宜段一次大雾个例分析

对2014年1月29~31日发生在沪渝高速公路湖北武汉—宜昌段(简称汉宜高速公路)的封路大雾过程气象要素进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次持续大雾过程发生时,近地层有逆温,地面处于高压底部前端的均压场,中纬度维持偏西气流,为大雾的形成和发展提供了有利的环流背景场条件;大雾消散后,地面处于冷高压控制;2)大雾造成的高速公路封路、解封前后,气象要素发生了较明显的变化。这些分析结果,对汉宜高速公路的大雾预警预报具有较好的指示意义。