Modelling optimal exploitation of petroleum resources in India

In this paper, the exploitation of petroleum resources in India is analyzed by developing a dynamic optimization modeling framework—PETEX. This model combines the practical aspects in determining optimal rates of extraction of oil and gas from a reservoir with a hybrid approach to estimating the discovery rate of petroleum resources in the future, additionally incorporating a stochastic specification to capture the uncertainty associated with discovery. The model acts as an aid to joint production–investment decision making for the entire supply process from drilling through production and in determining the import requirement to meet the country’s oil demand. The model results and sensitivity analysis suggest an acute requirement of sustained infusion of investment into the various upstream activities at a rate much higher than the current levels in order to bridge the demand—supply gap for crude oil. With the opening up of the Indian economy, it is hoped that the participation of the private sector in upstream activities would increase thereby increasing the investments available for upstream activity.     

河南省生态化发展研究

河南省存在林业固碳减排能力需提升,改善环境和低碳发展的压力较大,污染物排放量较大且环境容量增长空间有限的生态环境问题。研究国内外生态环境保护的经典案例和经验总结,提出了河南省生态化发展的措施,包括:林业资源"増量碳汇";城镇生态"提升减碳";重点流域"再造碧水";区域大气"重塑蓝天";农村环境"清洁亮丽"。提出推进河南省生态化发展的具体政策建议,包括:划定生态保护红线;确立环境和资源有偿使用机制;创新水环境和空气环境管理思路;强化目标责任和考核评估;完善投资体制。     

红外法测定土壤中石油烃的改进研究

通过气相色谱-质谱法定性解析红外法测定土壤中石油烃的各前处理阶段萃取物组分变化情况,探讨了用石油醚萃取土壤中石油烃空白高的原因,发现采用二氯甲烷为萃取剂,空白值低且精密度提高.     

农村散煤替代对PM2.5污染影响及健康效益评估——以河南省为例

基于2016年河南省农村污染物排放清单,采用县级优化模型,设置了基准和散煤治理2种情景,评估了2025年1月份河南省农村散煤替代的减排潜力,利用空气质量模型（WRF-CMAQ）模拟其对PM_2.5污染改善的贡献,并采取泊松回归模型分析了相应的居民健康效益.结果表明,由于围护结构改造的成本较低及保温效果显著,其与采暖设备的组合技术在河南省农村家庭是最适合推广的采暖技术.在散煤治理情景下,2025年1月河南省农村居民燃烧源的SO₂,NO_x,CO,PM₁₀,PM_2.5,VOCs,NH₃排放量与基准情景相比分别下降了98.3%,82.6%,99.8%,99.2%,98.8%,98.2%和99.4%.散煤治理情景下河南省2025年1月PM_2.5浓度模拟结果与基准情景相比下降4.1μg/m³,可以避免2220人过早死亡,带来23.5亿元经济效益.     

Bacterial community response to petroleum contamination in brackish tidal marsh sediments in the Yangtze River Estuary, China

The brackish tidal marsh in the Baimaosha area of the Yangtze River Estuary was severely contaminated by 400 tons of heavy crude petroleum from a tanker that sank in December 2012. The spill accident led to severe environmental damage owing to its high toxicity, persistence and wide distribution. Microbial communities play vital roles in petroleum degradation in marsh sediments. Therefore, taxonomic analysis, high-throughput sequencing and 16S rRNA functional prediction were used to analyze the structure and function of microbial communities among uncontaminated (CK), lightly polluted (LP), heavily polluted (HP), and treated (TD) sediments. The bacterial communities responded with increased richness and decreased diversity when exposed to petroleum contamination. The dominant class changed from Deltaproteobacteria to Gammaproteobacteria after petroleum contamination. The phylum Firmicutes increased dramatically in oil-enriched sediment by 75.78%, 346.19% and 267.26% in LP, HP and TD, respectively. One of the suspected oil-degrading genera, Dechloromonas, increased the most in oil-contaminated sediment, by 540.54%, 711.27% and 656.78% in LP, HP and TD, respectively. Spore protease, quinate dehydrogenase (quinone) and glutathione-independent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, three types of identified enzymes, increased enormously with the increasing petroleum concentration. In conclusion, petroleum contamination altered the community composition and microorganism structure, and promoted some bacteria to produce the corresponding degrading enzymes. Additionally, the suspected petroleum-degrading genera should be considered when restoring oil-contaminated sediment.     

河南省气溶胶光学特性的时空变化特征

利用2001～2018年的Terra MODIS C6.1气溶胶产品对河南省大气气溶胶光学特性进行研究,分析气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、气溶胶垂直柱质量浓度(AMC)和细粒子比(FMF)的时空分布特征,并针对代表性区域研究了气溶胶光学参数的时间变化特征.结果表明,河南省年均AOD和AMC及其在各个季节的空间分布均为东高西低、北高南低,与河南省特殊地势、人口分布及各地区企业数量有关,而FMF的空间分布与AOD和AMC分布相反.春季AMC值最高,而FMF值最低,表明春季主要是受到沙尘气溶胶的影响.夏季AOD和FMF值最高,而AMC值较低,主要是夏季气溶胶吸湿增长作用增强导致AOD高值出现,雨水冲刷与二次气溶胶生成量增加使夏季以细模态气溶胶为主.秋、冬季河南省AOD和AMC值相对较低,FMF值略高于春季.河南省AOD和AMC呈现逐年下降趋势;而FMF呈现上升趋势,而且2011年之后AOD、AMC和FMF的月平均峰谷差值均有所减少.     

河南省1950～1990年水旱灾害分析

根据河南省各县１９５０～１９９０年水、旱灾史料，进行系统的整理分析，揭示了本省各流域水、旱灾害农业损失程度，论述了水、旱灾的成灾原因、特点和规律。并对水、旱灾的灾度作了初步的探析。     

石油石化应急管理工作的问卷调查研究与讨论

为分析石油石化企业应急管理工作中存在的矛盾问题,本文选取有代表性的24家企业作为调查对象,通过随机抽样方法选定620名员工的样本容量,设置企业应急管理中涉及的应急培训、应急处置卡、应急准备、应急资源等4方面15项代表性问题作为问卷调查内容；根据调查问卷结果及分析,提出企业在应急培训、处置、准备方面的薄弱环节以及不同企业和领导层间在应急管理中的差异性；根据分析结果,提出相关措施建议,为后续应急管理工作的改进完善提供决策支持。     

石油企业实施HSE管理体系研究

石油行业是一个高温高压易燃易爆的危险行业。倡导健康、安全、环保是国际石油石化行业发展的趋势。笔者在分析了HSE的概念及其内涵的基础上 ,指出了我国石油企业在实施HSE管理体系过程中所存在的包括技术、思想以及体制等方面的问题 ,并针对这些方面提出了相应的对策建议。全面理解HSE体系的思想内涵 ,并在此基础上理顺企业内部的结构关系 ,建立有效的运行机制是成功实施HSE管理体系的关键所在。     

A Framework for Net Environmental Benefit Analysis for Remediation or Restoration of Contaminated Sites

Net environmental benefits are gains in value of environmental services or other ecological properties attained by remediation or ecological restoration minus the value of adverse environmental effects caused by those actions. Net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) is a methodology for comparing and ranking net environmental benefits associated with multiple management alternatives. A NEBA for chemically contaminated sites typically involves comparison of several management alternatives: (1) leaving contamination in place; (2) physically, chemically, or biologically remediating the site through traditional means; (3) improving ecological value through onsite and offsite restoration alternatives that do not directly focus on removal of chemical contamination; or (4) a combination of those alternatives. NEBA involves activities that are common to remedial alternatives analysis for state regulations and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, post-closure and corrective action permits under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, evaluation of generic types of response actions pertinent to the Oil Pollution Act, and land management actions that are negotiated with regulatory agencies in flexible regulatory environments (i.e., valuing environmental services or other ecological properties, assessing adverse impacts, and evaluating remediation or restoration options). This article presents a high-level framework for NEBA at contaminated sites with subframeworks for natural attenuation (the contaminated reference state), remediation, and ecological restoration alternatives. Primary information gaps related to NEBA include nonmonetary valuation methods, exposure–response models for all stressors, the temporal dynamics of ecological recovery, and optimal strategies for ecological restoration.Published online