河南省主要城市水源水中微量有毒有害有机污染特性研究

为探查和研究与公众生命健康关系密切的水源水有机污染现状,运用GC/MS等多种有机分析技术对河南省主要城市的23个水源水中的有机物进行分析研究.结果表明,共检出740种有机物,初步筛选出261种有毒污染物;多环芳烃类和酞酸酯的污染非常突出;各点位检出物浓度较低,VOC主要检出物为苯系物,浓度范围为0.01～2.0μg/L.SVOC浓度均小于1.0μg/L,60.5%SVOC的浓度均小于0.1μg/L.绝大部分化合物远低于国标;但检出种类多,20个地表水检出物均超过100余种.各点均受到不同程度的有机污染,而地下水污染相对较轻.     

河南省淮河流域伏牛山区主要生态恢复演替序列构建

为构建河南省淮河流域内伏牛山区的主要植被类型在生态恢复过程中的演替序列,选取了登封市、鲁山县、确山县和泌阳市4个典型地点,利用空间代替时间方法调查了不同演替系列的主要群落类型,采用排序并结合演替度、分层频度等分析方法构建了该区域的演替序列。结果表明：河南省淮河流域伏牛山区生态恢复过程中的植被群落可分为5种类型,即生态林封禁抚育群落、灌草坡封禁保护群落、梯田耕作经济林群落、梯田经济林弃耕群落、禁牧禁樵生态林群落;群落稳定性大小依次为栎类林、经济林与人工针叶林;植被演替可构建为自然恢复、人工种植后的自然恢复、人工经济林、进展与逆行等4个演替序列;其基本序列可识别为草丛、灌丛、人工林、经济林弃耕恢复林、栎类幼龄林、栎类中龄林等,演替度平均值分别为1.06、5.33、6.19、11.09、12.86、12.26;阔叶树种通常具有较大的分层频度,表明其良好的进展性与稳定性,以其为主要种类所构成的群落类型基本上均处于演替序列中的后期阶段;因此,可以将阔叶林以及特殊条件下的人工林设定为该区域生态恢复的目标植被类型。将几种演替分析方法综合运用,可以较全面地从区域微观尺度上揭示植被的演替过程,能较好地阐明植被演替过程;研究结果可以为生态恢复过程中植被动态与水文生态功能动态相关性、流域生态功能区划、生态恢复目标的制定与过程设计、以及流域生态保护策略制定等提供依据。     

便携式GC法测定石油污染地地下水中苯、乙苯和二甲苯

采用便携式气相色谱法测定石油污染地地下水中苯、乙苯和二甲苯,通过试验选择出测定的最佳色谱条件和适宜内标物,并对样品平衡时间、NaCl用量、取样后VOA瓶中液-气体积比等条件进行优化。试验表明,该方法在0 mg/L~2.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.98;方法检出限为0.05 mg/L~0.15 mg/L。用该方法和吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用法同时测定实际水样,两种方法测定结果具有良好的一致性。     

红外光度法测定水中石油类的质量保证和质量控制探讨

质量控制是保证监测数据质量的重要环节,根据红外光度法测定石油类的原理,对影响数据的关键因素(如仪器校正系数、试剂、空白试验、方法检出限以及准确度的核查等)进行了讨论,对规范石油类的质量保证和质量控制有着实际意义。     

基于环境库兹涅茨模型的经济与环境关系分析

环境与经济协调关系的研究可以定性地反映区域环境与经济发展的综合实力水平。以河南省为例,运用环境库兹涅茨曲线法分别对河南省"十五"十一五"环境与经济协调发展水平进行定性评价,得出河南省"十一五"较"十五"期间更为协调。并通过比较衡量河南省2个时期总体环境与经济的发展状况,分析目前环境与经济发展之间存在的问题,借以明确环境与经济协调发展走向和持续协调的对策。     

焉耆盆地石油勘探开发水污染应急管理系统研究

通过对石油开发应急管理系统分类及内容分析研究,结果焉耆地石油开发特点,提出焉耆盆地石油勘探开发水污染应急管理系统应具备的内容和功能,为焉耆盆地和其它区域石油开发污染控制提供了参考。     

快速溶剂萃取红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

研究快速溶剂萃取红外分光法对土壤中石油类的提取效果,并与超声波萃取红外分光法比较.结果表明,快速溶剂萃取对土壤中的石油类的回收率高,精密度好,方法快速简便.     

Avian Mortality at Oil Pits in the United States: A Review of the Problem and Efforts for Its Solution

Oil production operations produce waste fluids that may be stored in pits, open tanks, and other sites accessible to wildlife. Birds visit these fluid-filled pits and tanks (“oil pits”), which often resemble water sources, and may become trapped and die. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has a program to reduce these impacts by locating problem pits, documenting mortality of protected wildlife species, and seeking cleanup or corrective action at problem pits with the help of state and federal agencies regulating the oil industry. Species identification and verification of protected status for birds recovered from oil pits are performed at the USFWS National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory. From 1992 to 2005, a minimum of 2060 individual birds were identified from remains recovered from oil pits, representing 172 species from 44 families. The taxonomic and ecological diversity of these birds indicates that oil pits pose a threat to virtually all species of birds that encounter them. Ninety-two percent of identified bird remains belonged to protected species. Most remains identified at the Forensics Laboratory were from passerines, particularly ground-foraging species. Based on Forensics Laboratory and USFWS field data, oil pits currently cause the deaths of 500,000–1 million birds per year. Although law enforcement and industry efforts have produced genuine progress on this issue, oil pits remain a significant source of mortality for birds in the United States.     

中水在顺酐装置中的回用技术

针对吐哈石油勘探开发指挥部石油天然气化工厂顺酐装置目前的排污现状,以传统的中水回用技术为指导,提出了前端减排与末端治理相结合的废水处理方案,可实现每小时节水33.6m3,大大减少了水资源的消耗量及废水排放量,年收益164万元,经济效益和环境效益显著。     

Simulation and optimization technologies for petroleum waste management and remediation process control

Leakage and spill of petroleum hydrocarbons from underground storage tanks and pipelines have posed significant threats to groundwater resources across many petroleum-contaminated sites. Remediation of these sites is essential for protecting the soil and groundwater resources and reducing risks to local communities. Although many efforts have been made, effective design and management of various remediation systems are still challenging to practitioners. In recent years, the subsurface simulation model has been combined with techniques of optimization to address important problems of contaminated site management. The combined simulation-optimization system accounts for the complex behavior of the subsurface system and identifies the best management strategy under consideration of the management objectives and constraints. During the past decades, a large number of studies were conducted to simulate contaminant flow and transport in the subsurface and seek cost-effective remediation designs. This paper gives a comprehensive review on recent developments, advancements, challenges, and barriers associated with simulation and optimization techniques in supporting process control of petroleum waste management and site remediation. A number of related methodologies and applications were examined. Perspectives of effective site management were investigated, demonstrating many demanding areas for enhanced research efforts, which include issues of data availability and reliability, concerns in uncertainty, necessity of post-modeling analysis, and usefulness of development of process control techniques.