河南省地表水自动监控系统的设计与应用

地表水自动监测系统对地表水环境管理起着非常重要的作用。本文较详细介绍了地表水自动监测系统的总体架构及功能,并重点介绍了其动环远程控制系统、反控系统、监控系统的功能、实现途径和作用。相关研究结果可为河南省水环境管理及科学决策提供技术支撑。     

典型区域土壤中多环芳烃的污染分布特征

以河南省3类典型工业区域为例,分析研究其土壤中多环芳烃类化合物的种类组成及含量分布特征,结果表明：3类典型工业区域周边土壤中均检出14种PAHs,其中萘、芘、艹屈 、苯并[a]蒽具有较高的检出水平;大型化工企业周边土壤中PAHs的检出率高于油田和工业园区;检出的14种PAHs的总质量比均值,大型化工企业明显高于油田和工业园区;3类典型工业区域土壤中PAHs测定值明显高于背景值,表明土壤已受到PAHs的影响;来源分析表明,PAHs的污染主要源自石油和燃料的燃烧.     

海水石油类分析的影响因素

石油类是衡量海水水质的重要指标,海洋石油的首要污染源是原油泄漏,因此海水石油类的具体成分与原油成分基本一致,主要为弱极性的烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃。在3种国标分析方法中,紫外分光光度法的应用最为广泛。采用该法分析时,建议统一选择HJ油标准作为标准溶液,透光率90%的正己烷作为萃取剂,标准曲线斜率在斜率控制图内的上下辅助限之内;萃取过程中调节水样p H值2,人工萃取时间120 s,萃取后不能立即分析时,在5℃冰箱内保存不超过2周。     

强化管理保障可持续清洁生产

企业在生产各个环节过程要通过科学、有效合理的管理实现清洁生产。本文通过强化有效的科学管理在改进设计、清洁能源和原料等方面完成从技术提升、工艺设备优化以及设备运行等过程中征高效推进清洁生产。     

河南省冬小麦晚霜冻害风险区划

基于河南省冬小麦遥感种植面积数据、DEM数据和111个气象站1971-2010年逐日最低气温资料,采用基于GIS的逐日最低气温空间插值技术,根据冬小麦晚霜冻灾度指标及其等级划分标准,计算各空间单元轻霜冻、中霜冻和重霜冻日数,综合考虑霜冻害日数和冬小麦实际种植面积比例因素,构建冬小麦晚霜冻害风险评价指数,分析河南省冬小麦不同等级晚霜冻害日数及其风险的区域特征.结果表明:河南省冬小麦轻霜冻日数高值区主要分布在河南省北部、东部和西部丘陵山区,中霜冻和重霜冻高值区以分布在西部丘陵山区为主,霜冻日数最大值分别为67 d、48 d和120 d;轻霜冻风险较高的区域主要分布在河南省除郑州地区以外的驻马店和南阳盆地以北地区,中霜冻主要分布在东部和西部丘陵山区,重霜冻主要分布在河南省西部丘陵地区,风险指数最大值分别为28％、18％和17％.总体上看,河南省冬小麦晚霜冻害日数和风险空间分布特征明显;轻霜冻日数及其风险的覆盖面积最大,其次为中霜冻,重霜冻最小;河南省的东部、北部和西部丘陵山区为晚霜冻害的主要防御区域,各级霜冻之间以防御轻霜冻为主.     

废水中石油类总量控制监测的采样技术

污染物总量控制监测的关键是废水采样的时间和空间代表性问题。采用废水连续自动等比例采样器实现时间代表性,用优化点位解决空间代表性,结果表明以石油类为主要污染物的采样断面应选择在水跃区。     

Assessment of electrocoagulation for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater

Batch electrocoagulation experiments were carried out to evaluate the removal of sulfate and COD from petroleum refinery wastewater using three types of electrodes: aluminum, stainless steel, and iron. The effects of current density, electrode arrangement, electrolysis time, initial pH, and temperature were investigated for two wastewater samples with different concentrations of COD and sulfate. The experimental results indicated that the utilization of aluminum, as anode and cathode, was by far the most efficient arrangement in the reduction of both the contaminants. The treatment process was found to be largely affected by the current density and the initial composition of the wastewater. Although electrocoagulation was found to be most effective at 25°C and a pH of 8, the influence of these two parameters on the removal rate was not significant. The results demonstrated the technical feasibility of electrocoagulation as a possible and reliable technique for the pretreatment of heavily contaminated petroleum refinery wastewater.     

Work environment risk factors for injuries in wood processing

Problem

The reported injury rate for wood product manufacturing in Maine, 1987-2004, was almost twice the state-wide average for all jobs. Method: A case-control study was conducted in wood processing plants to determine preventable risk factors for injury. A total of 157 cases with injuries reported to workers' compensation and 251 controls were interviewed. Results: In multivariable analyses, variables associated with injury risk were high physical workload, machine-paced work or inability to take a break, lack of training, absence of a lockout/tagout program, low seniority, and male gender. Different subsets of these variables were significant when acute incidents and overexertions were analyzed separately and when all injuries were stratified by industry sub-sector. Impact on industry: Generalizability may be limited somewhat by non-representative participation of workplaces and individuals. Nevertheless, these findings provide evidence that many workplace injuries occurring in wood processing could be prevented by application of ergonomics principles and improved work organization.     

Recovery assessment of a refined-oil impacted and fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem

An assessment of the diversity and abundance of macrobenthic community in a refined-oil (petrol) impacted and fire-ravaged mangrove ecosystem within the vicinity of a marine receipt terminal facility (Atlas Cove) serving as a distribution and pump station for refined products was carried out. The mangrove ecosystem was subjected to massive petrol spillage from a leaking pipeline and eventual fire outbreak. Following rehabilitation activities, a recovery assessment of the impacted ecosystem was carried out. The field surveys revealed that the petrol leakage and fire outbreak resulted in a near complete destruction of the mangrove ecosystem around the Atlas Cove depot, with macrobenthic species diversity index ranging between 0−0.4, compared to 0.78−0.87 in the control stations. The dominant early arrivals or colonizers of the impacted stations areas were Clibanarius africanus and Callinectes amnicola. Early signs of recovery of the impacted area were observed within about two and a half (2 1/2) to three (3) months, based on diversity and abundance indices respectively. The period of early signs of recovery also coincide with an observed reduction in the total hydrocarbon content (THC) levels in the sediment collected from the impacted stations by about nine folds from 3.67 mg/kg to 0.42 mg/kg within 3 months. Despite the apparent signs of recovery, the need for long-term monitoring of the impacted stations was discussed.     

Environmental effects of oil and gas lease sites in a grassland ecosystem

The northern Great Plains of Saskatchewan is one of the most significantly modified landscapes in Canada. While the majority of anthropogenic disturbances to Saskatchewan’s grasslands are the result of agricultural practices, development of petroleum and natural gas (PNG) resources is of increasing concern for grassland conservation. Although PNG developments require formal assessment and regulatory approval, follow-up and monitoring of the effects of PNG development on grasslands is not common practice. Consequently, the effects of PNG activity on grasslands and the spatial and temporal extent of such impacts are largely unknown. This paper examines the spatial and temporal extent of PNG development infrastructure from 1955 to 2006 in a grassland ecosystem in southwest Saskatchewan. The effects of PNG development on grassland ecology were assessed from measurements of ground cover characteristics, soil properties, and plant community composition at 31sites in the study area. PNG lease sites were found to have low cover of herbaceous plants, club moss (Lycopodiaceae), litter, and shallow organic (Ah) horizons. Lease sites were also characterized by low diversity of desirable grassland plants and low range health values compared to off-lease reference sites. These impacts were amplified at active and highly productive lease sites. Impacts of PNG development persisted for more than 50 years following well site construction, and extended outward 20 m–25 m beyond the direct physical footprint of PNG well infrastructure. These results have significant implications with regard to the current state of monitoring and follow-up of PNG development, and the cumulative effective of PNG activity on grassland ecosystems over space and time.