Greening the Congressional record: environmental social movements and expertise-based access to the policy process

ABSTRACT

A new dataset of organizational testimony at U.S. Congressional hearings on environmental protection is used to examine how social movement organizations use issue expertise to gain access to the policy process. Environmental movement organizations (EMOs) are shown to testify in greater numbers at hearings that consider proposed legislation, compared to hearings that are exploratory or investigatory in nature. The increased representation at legislative hearings is unique to EMOs; other kinds of organizations do not obtain similar increases in legislative access. These findings suggest that, due to their scientific expertise and perceived legitimacy, EMOs receive privileged access to the policy process relative to other organizations affected by environmental policy and at a later stage than has been proposed by prior work examining social movement access to the policy process.     

三峡水库蓄水对支流浮游植物功能群的影响及与资源利用效率的关系

为探究三峡库区腹地重要支流浮游植物功能群组成与资源利用效率的关系,于2020年8月和11月对香溪河、大宁河、梅溪河、彭溪河和黄金河这5条支流进行浮游植物采集,夏季共计检出浮游植物119种,隶属7门62属,冬季共检出浮游植物118种,隶属7门58属.依照Padisak理论,将所有浮游植物划分为25个功能群,冬季和夏季均出现6种重要功能群,其中夏季以L0、 H1、 D、 Y、 MP和P为主,而冬季则主要以L0、 H1、 A、 M、 MP和Y为主.根据浮游植物功能群多样性分析结果可知,冬季α多样性低于夏季,且下游河段浮游植物功能群多样性更高,群落结构更复杂.浮游植物功能群及其驱动因子RDA分析表明,ν、 pH、高锰酸盐指数、 WT和RUE_TN是显著影响浮游植物功能群的环境因子(P<0.05).VPA结果显示,夏季环境变量对功能群组成变化的解释度较高(45.23%),而冬季则相反,资源利用效率具有更高的解释度(42.33%).进一步对重要功能群与资源利用效率进行线性拟合发现,夏季功能群L0、 H1、 D和Y与RUE_TN和RUE_TP     

汶川8.0级地震灾后响应研究——以灾后学生响应为例

基于网络信息,以学生群体对汶川8.0级地震响应为研究对象,通过对搜集到的复杂网络信息的分类和分级,刻画出非灾区学生群体的灾害响应能力,探讨了学生灾后响应主要类型、强度的空间分异及灾后响应的驱动力。结果表明：①学生灾后响应的主要类型是学生自发捐款、中小学异地复课等;②造成学生灾后响应空间差异的主要因素不是交通条件,而是空间距离导致心理疏离;③学生灾后响应的驱动力随时间的变化特征不同,其中满足自我强化需要的响应速度快但持续性较低,而满足灾源地的需要的响应速度慢但持续性高。     

四明湖水库浮游植物功能类群的季节演替及其影响因子

浮游植物群落变化既受到环境因子单独作用的影响,也受到各因子之间交互作用的影响.为探究浮游植物群落结构的季节演替规律,对四明湖水库浮游植物群落及水体11项非生物因子和4项生物因子进行周年采样调查,分析了水库内浮游植物功能类群组成、季节演替规律及其与生物因子和非生物因子的关系.结果显示,调查期间四明湖水库的浮游植物种类可归入22个功能类群,其优势功能类群主要隶属于绿藻门和硅藻门.非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示,浮游植物群落结构呈现出明显的季节性演替;通过SIMPER分析,筛选出10个与季节变化显著相关的功能类群,其主要变化过程表现为:夏季D+Lo→秋冬季D+P+Lo→春季X2+P+MP.方差分解分析(VPA)显示,浮游植物功能类群的季节变化是由水温-浮游动物交互作用与水温单独作用共同影响的结果;典范对应分析(CCA)发现,水温(WT)、透明度(SD)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)以及浮游动物生物量是影响该水库浮游植物群落结构动态变化的主要因子.     

酚二磺酸法测定硝酸盐氮有关问题的探讨

酚二磺酸光度法测定硝酸盐氮是《水和废水监测分析方法》(第三版)中的推荐方法,由于它的测定范围较宽,显色稳定而被采用;但是此方法的反应条件要求严格,较难控制,造成加标回收率不稳定。经过多年的试验摸索,发现对试验产生影响的因素有显色剂、硝化条件、干扰、取样量等。     

活性炭脱除烟气中SO2的研究进展

活性炭是一种高效吸附剂,在烟气脱硫领域有广阔的应用前景。在分析国内外试验结果的基础上,综述了活性炭孔隙结构及表面化学性质对其脱硫性能的影响,阐述了活性炭脱硫的反应机理,指出了未来研究方向。     

Biosorption of uranium by chemically modified Rhodotorula glutinis

The present paper reports the biosorption of uranium onto chemically modified yeast cells, Rhodotorula glutinis, in order to study the role played by various functional groups in the cell wall. Esterification of the carboxyl groups and methylation of the amino groups present in the cells were carried out by methanol and formaldehyde treatment, respectively. The uranium sorption capacity increased 31% for the methanol-treated biomass and 11% for the formaldehyde-treated biomass at an initial uranium concentration of 140 mg/L. The enhancement of uranium sorption capacity was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, with amino and carboxyl groups were determined to be the important functional groups involved in uranium binding. The biosorption isotherms of uranium onto the raw and chemically modified biomass were also investigated with varying uranium concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich models were well able to explain the sorption equilibrium data with satisfactory correlation coefficients higher than 0.9.     

香溪河附石性大型底栖动物功能摄食类群研究

利用1∶50 000地形图对香溪河进行划分,显示香溪河为一条6级河流。分析包括捕食者(PR)、撕食者(SH)、刮食者(SC)、直接收集者（GC）和过滤收集者(FC)在内的5个主要功能摄食类群的组成,发现香溪河主要摄食类群以直接收集者和刮食者为主。各功能摄食类群的密度和生物量随着河流级别的变化而发生变化,基本趋势为：直接收集者和滤食者的密度和生物量都随着河流级别的增加而增大;撕食者和刮食者的密度和生物量的密度随着河流级别的增加而减小;而捕食者在整个流域内的密度上游小于下游,生物量却是上游大于下游。研究结果表明香溪河在夏季其上游物质来源以附石性藻类生产为主,下游则以异源性细有机颗粒输入为主。此外,功能摄食类群的密度与部分环境因子具有显著的相关性：过滤收集者与Ca2+和河宽相关,收集者与SiO2相关显著,刮食者与海拔和氨氮相关性较高,撕食者与电导和PO4 P相关性较高.     

Welfare Balance of Different Interest Groups During Rural-urban Land Conversion

Rural-urban land conversion is currently a common social economic phenomenon during the process of economic development and rural urbanization in China. Rural-urban land conversion is positively effective as far as social and economic benefits are concerned （Yang, 2002）, but its negative effect is also evident, resulting in such problems as low efficiency of rural land configuration and loss of social welfare. Consequently, farmers should also have an equal chance to enjoy the social welfare enhanced by land conversion. Based on the theories of welfare economy, this paper puts forward policy suggestions by discussing the welfare changes of various interest groups, builds the model of welfare distribution, and analyzes the conditions of maximizing social welfare. The absolute and opposite value of social welfare is closely related with the speed of rural-urban land conversion, and governments should give farmers and collectives fair compensation to make up for the utility loss caused by land expropriation, which are conclusions drawn from this paper. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for regulating targets and evaluation criteria, realizing the mechanism and implementation of public polices during rural-urban land conversion.     

深水型水库藻形态功能组(MBFG)的季节演替特征

以藻类形态功能组(morphologically-based functional groups,MBFG)藻种在光学显微镜下的形态特征为基础,对具有相同形态特征的藻种进行分组,形成了面向藻类集群形态属性的功能组别.为了解藻类形态功能组在研究深水型水库藻类变化规律中的应用及藻类演替特征,于2011年8月至2013年7月对西安市金盆水库进行采样分析,采用形态功能组分类方法对金盆水库中检测出的藻类进行了分类,结合冗余分析探讨了藻类形态功能组演替及其与环境因子间的相互关系.结果表明,黑河金盆水库中的藻类可以分为5个形态功能组别:Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ;水库中春夏季多种藻类形态功能组共存,秋冬季藻类形态功能组结构较为单一;在沿水深的纵向演替过程中,各形态功能组的生物密度随水深的增加而减少;在影响形态功能组演替的各个环境因子中,温度对水库表层藻类形态功能组Ⅳ和Ⅵ影响较大;表层以下各研究水层,TN的质量浓度为藻类形态功能群组Ⅵ的显著影响因素.