Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air of different regions in China

Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in fourteen ambient air samples collected in twelve cities of five provinces and one large municipality in China. The PCDD/F concentrations varied from 2.6 to 120 pg m⁻³ (or from 0.04 to 1.93 pg I-TEQ m⁻³). Generally, TCDF was the dominant homologue group and as a rule the homologue concentration of PCDF decreased with rising chlorine substitution number of PCDF. In all cases 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the most important contributor to the I-TEQ value, accounting for 35–57% of the total I-TEQ value. Higher PCDD/F levels in ambient air were found during winter. The highest PCDD/F levels were found in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. In general, the PCDD/F levels in this study were in the same range as in other studies in China.     

Na2S·HNO3改性活性炭对水中低浓度Pb2+吸附性能的研究

采用回流蒸煮、微波焙烧的方法改性活性炭,通过Boehm滴定法、TG和FT-IR分析了改性前后活性炭表面官能团的变化情况.Boehm滴定表明:改性活性炭的总酸度、羧基、内酯基皆有增加;TG曲线中的多个失重峰说明了改性活性炭表面含氧基团的增加;FT-IR谱图上500～720 cm-1范围内新峰的出现说明了改性活性炭表面增加...     

Evaluation of Central North American Prairie Management Based on Species Diversity, Life Form, and Individual Species Metrics

Abstract:  Reintroduction of fire and grazing, alone or in combination, has increasingly been recognized as central to the restoration of North American mixed-grass and tallgrass prairies. Although ecological studies of these systems are abundant, they have generally been observational, or if experimental, have focused on plant species diversity. Species diversity measures alone are not sufficient to inform management, which often has goals associated with life-form groups and individual species. We examined the effects of prescribed fire, light cattle grazing, and a combination of fire and grazing on three vegetation components: species diversity, groups of species categorized by life-form, and individual species. We evaluated how successful these three treatments were in achieving specific management goals for prairies in the Iowa Loess Hills (U.S.A.). The grazing treatment promoted the greatest overall species richness, whereas grazing and burning and grazing treatments resulted in the lowest cover by woody species. Burning alone best achieved the management goals of increasing the cover and diversity of native species and reducing exotic forb and (predominantly exotic) cool-season grass cover. Species-specific responses to treatments appeared idiosyncratic (i.e., within each treatment there existed a set of species attaining their highest frequency) and nearly half of uncommon species were present in only one treatment. Because all management goals were not achieved by any one treatment, we conclude that management in this region may need refining. We suggest that a mosaic of burning and grazing (alone and in combination) may provide the greatest landscape-level species richness; however, this strategy would also likely promote the persistence of exotic species. Our results support the need to consider multiple measures, including species-specific responses, when planning and evaluating management .     

Paper fibers as a carbon source for the de novo formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans

The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from carbon that was produced by the pyrolysis of paper fibers and from wood charcoal was investigated experimentally. Fibers obtained from filter paper were pyrolyzed at 300° and 800°C to produce low- and high-temperature carbon samples. The two types of carbon and wood charcoal were mixed with silica (SiO₂) and trace copper oxide to produce three synthetic fly ash samples. Experiments to measure the formation of PCCDs/Fs from the three ash samples were conducted using a bench-scale reactor. The two carbon samples derived from paper fibers generated more PCDDs/Fs than was generated by the wood charcoal. The PCDDs/Fs generated by the low-temperature carbon and by the wood charcoal were dominated by the lower-chlorinated PCDFs. Such unique homologue distribution patterns are very similar to those generated by the open burning of household waste. The high-temperature carbon generated more highly chlorinated PCDDs/Fs. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the de novo formation of PCDDs/Fs from residual carbon is discussed. Paper and paper products contained in household waste are likely to be the source of unburned carbon that contributes to high PCDD/F emissions in the open burning of household waste.     

Effects of social interaction between Afghan refugees and Iranians on reproductive health attitudes

Afghan refugees in Iran, like many Muslims around the world, think that using contraceptives is against their religious beliefs. The majority of Iranians also thought so until a decade ago. Since then an all-encompassing social movement has emerged in Iran in which women and young people have played decisive roles. This movement has led to an attitude shift towards acceptance of family planning across Iranian society. High-ranking clerics, responding to the social movement, issued progressive edicts indicating that poor families could practise family planning. This paper reports the findings of focus group studies carried out among Afghan refugee men in two communities in Iran. The findings indicate that exposure to Iranian life, especially the rulings of Iranian clerics, have influenced Afghans' views on family planning. The findings also indicate that a system of justification is needed to help people avoid both social sanctions and individual stresses resulting from a controversial practice regarded as a sin for centuries.     

人工湿地基质中酶活性和细菌生理群的时空动态特征

对复合垂直流人工湿地基质中6种酶酶活性和5种细菌生理类群数量进行了测定.结果表明各种酶酶活性在不同月份存在显著差异(p<0.05):纤维素酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶在6月、9月和12月时都表现出较高的酶活性,并且都显著地高于3月的酶活性;β-葡萄糖苷酶在6月时酶活性显著地高于其它月;而脲酶活性在9月和12月时极显著地高于3月和6月(p<0.01);脱氢酶酶活性在6月和12月时明显高于3月和9月.相比较而言,6种酶酶活性的空间特征较为一致,下行流池酶活性显著高于上行流池活性(p<0.05),并且随着基质层深度的增加,酶活性亦相对递减.细菌生理类群数量在6月和9月达到高峰,并且所反映出来的空间规律与酶活性有一致性.     

季铵化改性稻草吸附去除水中SO42-的特性研究

采用NaOH、环氧氯丙烷和三甲胺改性稻草秸秆,制备出含季铵基的吸附剂,用以去除水中的硫酸根离子(SO2-4).通过SEM、元素分析、13C-NMR表征发现,稻草改性后表面纤维结构暴露,含氮量增加,引入了大量的季铵基,吸附潜力显著提高.吸附实验结果表明,改性稻草吸附去除SO42-平衡时间约20min,pH为3～8范围内吸附效果较好.采用Langmuir吸附模型可较好地描述改性稻草对SO2-4的吸附等温线,其最大单分子层吸附量Qmax为74.76mg·g-1,吸附能力远大于原稻草(11.68mg·g-1).     

FG、MFG和MBFG浮游植物功能群的比较:以贵州三座水库为例

浮游植物分类是揭示浮游植物群落演替规律和开展水生态调查工作的基础.为了比较FG、MFG和MBFG功能群分类方法之间的差异,运用功能群分类和冗余分析(RDA)等方法,于2017年4月(平水期)和2017年8月(丰水期)对浮游植物群落结构和水环境理化指标进行采样分析,结果表明:①MFG功能群与FG功能群具有重叠部分,而MBFG功能群与FG和MFG相比差异较大.②FG功能群考虑了浮游植物的生理、生态学等特征,能更好地解释与环境的相关性,并且更准确反映环境因子与浮游植物生态位之间的关系.同时可以根据浮游植物优势功能群预测水库环境因子及富营养化状态,但是FG功能群需要具备系统的浮游植物鉴定知识,工作量大. MFG功能群分类方法简单易懂,能够较好的解释浮游植物与环境因子的关系,但功能群与环境因子联系较弱. MBFG功能群分类方法最为简单、高效,但是MBFG功能群对环境的解释度不够,分类依据过于简单,分组太少.③3个分类方法各有优缺点,根据研究目的不同以及实际需要选择合适的分类方法.     

重金属絮凝剂DTMPAM去除Cr (Ⅵ)的性能与机理

以二硫代羧基化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺（DTMPAM）作为高分子絮凝剂,研究DTMPAM对水中Cr （Ⅵ）的去除性能,考察了DTMPAM投加量、pH值、Cr （Ⅵ）初始浓度以及共存浊度、无机物质、有机物质对DTMPAM处理含Cr （Ⅵ）废水性能的影响.结果表明,DTMPAM在酸性条件下对不同Cr （Ⅵ）初始浓度的含Cr （Ⅵ）水样均具有良好的去除效果,且Cr （Ⅵ）的去除率随着体系初始pH值的降低而升高;当pH值为3.0时,DTMPAM对Cr （Ⅵ）初始浓度为5,15,25和50mg/L水样中Cr （Ⅵ）的最高去除率分别达到94.78%,96.52%,96.53%和97.49%.共存浊度对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）具有抑制作用.在低DTMPAM投加量下,共存无机阳离子K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺,共存无机阴离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Cl^-,以及共存有机物质柠檬酸钠、乙酸钠、三氯乙酸和氨基乙酸等对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）均具有一定的抑制作用;而在高DTMPAM投加量下,这些物质的存在会对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）表现出较小的促进作用.无机阳离子Fe³⁺、Ni²⁺、Ba²⁺的存在对DTMPAM去除Cr （Ⅵ）具有较明显的抑制作用,其中Ba²⁺的抑制作用最显著.红外光谱和能谱分析显示,DTMPAM高分子链上的二硫代羧基可将水样中Cr （Ⅵ）还原为Cr （Ⅲ）,Cr （Ⅲ）进一步和DTMPAM分子链上的二硫代羧基、胺基发生螯合反应形成絮体.     

污泥含碳有机官能团分布及其模型化合物构建

污泥有机结构体系中碳属于活泼元素,化学活性较强,能源转化处理过程时易发生热化学反应,对污泥能源转化产物的化学特征及生成规律有重大影响.本研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）开展了污泥含碳官能团分布特征分析,污泥中的主要含碳官能团为烯基（C-C）、苯环（π-π^*）、醚（C-O-C）、羧基（-COOH）.基于污泥中主要含碳官能团分布和污水中常见有机物组成,构建了污泥典型含碳官能团模型化合物：间二甲苯（π-π^*）,四氢呋喃（C-O-C）,乙酸（-COOH）和环戊烯（C=C）.此外采用热解仪与气相色谱/质谱联用技术（Py-GC/MS）对比分析了不同温度下污泥与含碳模型化合物的热解规律,验证了所构建的含碳模型化合物基本合理可靠.