Phenol degradation using combined effects of hydrodynamic cavitation and oxidant: Doehlert matrix

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-based treatments have been proposed for the degradation of phenol as a toxic pollutant. The present work aimed to optimize the degradation of phenol using HC by means of Doehlert experimental design, which has not been previously addressed. Initially, operational parameters of hydraulic characteristics of the pump, inlet pressure, solution pH, and initial concentration were optimized; later, the effects of pH solution and H₂O₂ loading or initial pollutant concentration on phenol degradation were explored using the Doehlert experimental design. It was observed that phenol degradation is strongly dependent on the pH of the solution. Also, the acidic condition favors the formation of hydroxyl radicals and thus, the degradation of phenol. Based on the Doehlert matrix, the 94.1% phenol degradation and 68.60% total organic carbon (TOC) were obtained in 180 min at 304.5 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, 2.0 pH, and 90 psi inlet pressure, providing a cavitational yield of 6.33 × 10⁻⁶ mg/J and minimum treatment cost of US$/L 0.13. Overall, it has been observed that HC can be a promising route for the removal of pollutants (phenol) effectively using hydrogen peroxide as an additive.     

Comments on explosion problems for hydrogen safety

The future widespread use of hydrogen as an energy carrier brings in safety issues that have to be addressed before public acceptance can be achieved. The prediction of the consequences of a major accident release of hydrogen into the atmosphere or the contamination of high-pressure hydrogen storage facilities by air entrainment requires a good knowledge of the explosion parameters of hydrogen–air mixtures. The present paper reviews and comments on the current knowledge of dynamic parameters of hydrogen detonation for hazard assessment. The major problem that remains to be resolved involves the understanding of the effect of turbulence on the cellular detonation structure, the propagation of high-speed deflagrations and the transition from deflagration to detonations. It is recommended that future research should be aimed towards experiments that permit the quantitative understanding of the mechanisms of high-speed turbulent combustion rather towards large-scale tests in complex geometries where minimal quantitative information of fundamental significance could be extracted. In spite of its wide flammability and sensitivity to ignition and detonation initiation, it is felt that hydrogen can be produced, stored and handled safely with the appropriate considerations in the design of the hydrogen facilities.     

铁炭微电解-Fenton试剂氧化法预处理广灭灵及丙草胺废水

采用铁炭微电解～Fenton试剂氧化法预处理广灭灵和丙草胺废水（简称废水）,考察了H2O2加入量、高浓度废水COD对废水处理效果的影响,进行了连续流废水处理实验。实验结果表明：Fenton试剂氧化反应的废水处理效果明显好于铁炭微电解反应;铁炭微电解对COD的去除率可达60．6％,Fenton试剂氧化反应后COD的总去除率可达72．3％;连续流废水处理效果差于静态实验。处理后,低浓度废水的BOD,／COD从0．28～0．32增至0．47,高浓度废水的BOD,／COD从0．39增至0．47。     

Hydrogen sulphide removal from landfill gas

Control of odours should be considered to be a fundamental issue in order to site, design and manage sanitary landfills. With regard to construction and demolition (C&;D) debris, landfilling was the mainly adopted solution in many European Countries; in particular, gypsum drywalls can produce high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) in landfill gas ranging from 7 ppm to 100 ppm. In some cases also dangerous concentrations until to 12,000 ppm were detected. In this paper H₂S removal efficiency in a lab-scale vertical packed scrubber was investigated. Hydrogen sulphide abatement was evaluated for inlet H₂S concentrations of 1000–100–10 ppm, adjusting scrubbing liquid pH in the range 9–12.5 by means of caustic soda (NaOH 2N solution). Moreover, best operating conditions for the system were defined as well as H₂S abatement along the tower and liquid recirculation effectiveness in case of inlet H₂S concentration of 10 ppm (typical odour concentration). Results showed that pH of 11.5 in scrubbing liquid could be considered the best value for removal of different inlet H₂S concentrations, also taking into account parasitical consumption of NaOH due to CO₂ absorption. Moreover, in case of continuous working of the system at H₂S concentration of 10 ppm, strong removal efficiency was already obtained with a packed bed height of about 70 cm. Significant performances were ensured after 1 h of constant activity, consuming about 3 ml of soda per cubic meter of polluted air. Subsequently liquid blowdown was necessary.     

北京市大气光化学氧化剂污染研究

根据在北京市开展的光化学氧化剂系列研究,讨论北京市主要光化学氧化剂O₃,H₂O₂和有机过氧化物的污染浓度水平及其污染特征,探讨光化学氧化剂的形成机制及其主要影响因素。结果表明,北京市存在严重的光化学氧化剂污染,中关村大气臭氧(0₃)最大浓度不仅逐年递增,而O₃最大值的出现时间也提前,说明大气光化学活性逐年增强。光化学烟雾的重要产物过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和甲基过氧化氢(MHP)的浓度水平较高,最大浓度分别为3.69和3.26ug/m3。日益严重的大气NO_x污染为光化学氧化剂的生成提供了充足的前体物,北京市的大气污染己逐渐转为机动车尾气污染型,控制北京市光化学氧化剂污染的有效途径是降低NO_x排放。      

Release kinetics of vanadium from vanadium titano-magnetite: The effects of pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature andforeign ions

As part of a broader study of the environmental geochemistry behavior of vanadium(V), the release kinetics of V from the dissolution of natural vanadium titano-magnetite under environmentally relevant conditions was investigated. In both the acidic and basic domains, the V release rate was found to be proportional to fractional powers of hydrogen ion and dissolved oxygen activities. The dependence of the rate on dissolved oxygen can also be described in terms of the Langmuir adsorption model. The empirical rate equation is given by: r= k′α(H~+)~α(Kα(O_2))/(1+Kα(O_2)) where, α = 0.099–0.265, k′ = 3.2 × 10~(-6)–1.7 × 10~(-5), K =2.7 × 10~4–3.9 × 10~4 mol/L in acid solution(pH 4.1), and α =-0.494-(-0.527), k′ = 2.0 × 10~4–2.5 × 10~(-11), and K = 4.1 × 10~3–6.5 × 10~3 mol/L in basic solution(pH 8.8) at 20°C. Based on the effect of temperature on the release rate of V, the activation energies of minerals at p H 8.8 were determined to be 148–235 k J/mol, suggesting that the dissolution of vanadium titano-magnetite is a surface-controlled process. The presence of Na~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), K~+, NO_3~-, Cl~-, SO_4~(2-)and CO_3~(2-)was found to accelerate the V release rates. This study improves the understanding of both the V pollution risk in some mine areas and the fate of V in the environment.     

胶原纤维基多孔碳纤维用于电化学产双氧水——酸处理对产双氧水性能的影响

为获得通过电化学的氧还原反应（ORR）高效原位生成双氧水（H₂O₂）的新型碳材料,基于一类天然生物质-皮胶原纤维为基础材料制备出多孔碳纤维材料（PCFs-x）.利用皮胶原纤维分子中的-COOH、-NH₂等官能团与铁盐之间的较强的络合作用来吸附铁离子,碳化后经酸浸获得PCFs-x材料.XRD、SEM、BET等手段对不同浓度硝酸浸取后所获得的PCFs-x进行系统的结构表征,测试其电子转移数,考察了其氧还原反应活性及电化学还原氧气产H₂O₂的性能.结果表明,胶原纤维经过上述制备流程后可获得有序结构的PCFs-x,其中浓度为1mol/L时获得的材料具有最好的产H₂O₂效果和电流效率,氧还原反应2.5h后H₂O₂累积浓度达到148.81mg/L,电流效率72.33%.实验结果为基于胶原纤维制备新型高效的原位电化学产双氧水的碳材料提供了理论基础与可借鉴的思路.     

Thermal decomposition kinetic of liquid organic peroxides

This study demonstrates the application of isothermal calorimeter for investigating the thermal decomposition of several liquid organic peroxides, such as t-Butyl peroxy acetate (TBPA), Di-tert butyl peroxide (DTBP), and Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). The decomposition mechanism and kinetic can be identified from case to case. TBPA and DTBP undergo first order reaction, whereas CHP occurs autocatalysis. Accurate kinetic can be assessed on the basis of discerning these various schemes of given samples. Consequently, the thermal runaway or reactive hazards potential of organic peroxides can be determined, for instance as a self accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT).     

Formation of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated benzenes by heating of bis(2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide

The formation of di‐, tri‐, and tetrachlorobenzenes, and di‐ to hexachlorobiphenyls was demonstrated after thermal degradation of bis(2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide alone or in various solvents at 250 °C with yields of up to several percent. Possible radical reactions between solvents and the solute are suggested. PCB congeners are also present in silicone rubber crosslinked by this peroxide.