2种孔径沸石分子筛对水中土霉素的去除研究

选择2种不同孔径的亲水性沸石分子筛5A和13X作为吸附材料,对水中的土霉素(OTC)进行吸附和脱附实验,重点考察pH、温度对吸附的影响,进行吸附动力学和热力学的计算,分析亲水性沸石分子筛的吸附机制.结果表明,2种分子筛对OTC均有较大的吸附量,吸附过程可用单层吸附模型拟合,在温度为298K、pH=7.0条件下5A和13X的饱和吸附量分别为667mg/g和1429mg/g;同一温度下13X的吸附量明显大于5A;二级动力学方程能较好地描述2种分子筛对OTC的吸附动力学,在解吸时,5A和13X分别得到91%和95%的OTC脱附率;溶液pH值对吸附影响较大,中性条件下分子筛对OTC的吸附量达到最大;热力学计算显示2种分子筛对OTC的吸附均属于自发的吸热反应,综合表观为化学氢键力占主导作用.     

改性沸石和铁粉的复合材料处理水中六价铬的研究

利用海藻酸盐的凝胶化将零价铁粉固定于改性沸石表面,制得复合材料,以期在保留改性沸石的吸附性的同时增加铁粉的还原性.复合材料的扫描电镜图片可以看出铁粉分散嵌于海藻酸钙薄层,同时海藻酸钙不会阻碍Cr(VI)与改性沸石的接触.实验考察材料去除水中Cr(VI)性能,结果表明:复合材料,改性沸石,铁粉的除Cr(VI)效率分别为:74.1%,38.4%,9.1%,这得益于改性沸石和铁粉相互的协同作用. 对反应后复合材料进行XPS检测,其表面含有Cr3+,Cr6+表明了材料吸附能力同时还具有还原性.并且对Cr(VI)去除的现象能用伪二级吸附动力学方程描述.平衡吸附量qe和反应速率常数k呈相反的变化趋势.铁粉含量为5.4%的材料性能较好:qe为0.96mg/g, k为0.011g/(mg×h);在Cr(VI)浓度为70mg/L时,上述铁含量的复合材料仍具有较高的处理性能,其qe和k分别为 1.29mg/g, 0.0094g/(mg×h).     

基于MODIS时序数据北回归线(云南段)地区植被物候时空变化及其对气候响应分析

植被物候作为自然界规律性、周期性事件,对开展全球气候变化、植被长势观测等研究具有重要价值。以北回归线(云南段)穿过的县域为研究区,基于长时间序列MODIS EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index,EVI)、土地利用类型和气候因子数据,采用S-G滤波、动态阈值、相关分析等方法分析19 a(2001—2019年)间植被物候的时空分布特征及其对水热因子的响应。结果表明,(1)海拔和地势起伏在物候地域分异中作用显著,植被物候存在明显的垂直地带性分布特征。山地与河谷、坝子、低海拔区的物候值差异较大,山地地区的植被生长季开始期(Start of Season,SOS)在192—240 d,生长季结束期(End of Season,EOS)在次年144—192 d,生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)为272—304 d;河谷、坝子、东部低海拔地区的植被SOS在80—112 d,EOS在337至次年17 d,LOS在224—256 d。(2)19 a间植被物候年际变化总体特征为SOS显著提前(R²=0.51,P=0.001<0.05),平均提前1.14 d·(10 a)^?1;EOS推迟(R²=0.01,P=0.756>0.05),平均推迟0.07 d·(10 a)^?1;LOS显著延长(R²=0.47,P=0.001<0.05),平均延长1.07 d·(10 a)^?1。(3)不同植被类型的物候期及其变化趋势不同,研究区森林植被生长期最长,草地次之,耕地最短;19 a间SOS、EOS、LOS变化最大的分别是常绿阔叶林(?1.68 d·(10 a)^?1)、耕地(1.25 d·(10 a)^?1)、木本热带稀树草原(1.28 d·(10 a)^?1)。(4)水热组合对植被生长影响显著,河谷、坝子、东部低海拔地区的植被SOS、EOS分别主要受2月降水(负相关)和4月气温(正相关)、9月降水和气温(正相关)影响,山地地区植被SOS、EOS分别主要受6月降水(正相关)和5月气温(正相关)、5月降水(正相关)和4月气温(正相关)影响。     

Revealing the GHG reduction potential of emerging biomass-based CO2 utilization with an iron cycle system

● Greenhouse gas mitigation by biomass-based CO₂ utilization with a Fe cycle system. ● The system including hydrothermal CO₂ reduction with Fe and Fe recovery by biomass. ● The reduction potential quantified by experiments, simulations, and an ex-ante LCA. ● The greatest GHG reduction potential is −34.03 kg CO₂-eq/kg absorbed CO₂. ● Ex-ante LCA supports process optimization to maximize GHG reduction potential. CO₂ utilization becomes a promising solution for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biomass-based CO₂ utilization (BCU) even has the potential to generate negative emissions, but the corresponding quantitative evaluation is limited. Herein, the biomass-based CO₂ utilization with an iron cycle (BCU-Fe) system, which converts CO₂ into formate by Fe under hydrothermal conditions and recovers Fe with biomass-derived glycerin, was investigated. The GHG reduction potential under various process designs was quantified by a multidisciplinary method, including experiments, simulations, and an ex-ante life-cycle assessment. The results reveal that the BCU-Fe system could bring considerable GHG emission reduction. Significantly, the lowest value is −34.03 kg CO₂-eq/kg absorbed CO₂ (−2.44 kg CO₂-eq/kg circulated Fe) with the optimal yield of formate (66%) and Fe (80%). The proposed ex-ante evaluation approach not only reveals the benefits of mitigating climate change by applying the BCU-Fe system, but also serves as a generic tool to guide the industrialization of emerging carbon-neutral technologies.     

The effects of alkalinity and acidity of process water and hydrochar washing on the adsorption of atrazine on hydrothermally produced hydrochar

Hydrothermal carbonization of simulated food waste was performed at 250 °C for 20 h using deionized water (DI) and 0.01 N solutions of HCl, NaCl, and NaOH. The hydrochars produced were washed with acetone and the adsorptive capacity of the washed and unwashed hydrochars for atrazine were characterized. Using a generalized linear model, it was shown that the adsorptive capacity of the washed hydrochar was significantly higher than that of the unwashed hydrochars. The HCl processed unwashed hydrochar has a slightly higher adsorptive capacity compared to the DI processed hydrochar while both the NaOH processed washed and unwashed hydrochars were slightly lower than the corresponding DI processed hydrochars. ¹³C solid-state NMR results showed no discernible differences in surface functional groups among the washed hydrochars and among the unwashed hydrochars. A clear decrease in alkyl groups and an increase in aromatic/olefinic-C groups were observed after acetone washing. ¹H liquid-phase NMR showed carbon alkyl chains were present in the acetone wash. Interaction energies calculated using dispersion corrected density functional theory show that atrazine is more strongly adsorbed to surfaces without weakly associated alkyl groups.     

Resembling a “natural formation pattern” of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins by varying the experimental conditions of hydrothermal carbonization

Until several years ago dioxins were considered as just an unwanted by product of anthropogenic activities and stigmatized as the symbol of man-made environmental pollution. Natural processes, such as forest fires, can emit dioxins, but compared to industrial processes, usually very low quantities are emitted. However after a case of food contamination occurred in the United States of America in 1996 caused by kaolinitic clay a discussion on the provenience started. Besides the relatively high concentration also an unusual PCDD/F distribution pattern was found in these ball clay samples. This specific pattern related to none of the known anthropogenic sources for these contaminants and, in relation to a supposed natural formation, later it was named “natural formation pattern”. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) can transform biomass within hours into a brown coal-like product which resembles naturally occurring coal formation. HTC can also transform an already present PCDD/F contamination in a way to obtain a “natural formation pattern” characterized by an unusual high ratio between 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD and 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD and the absence of almost all chlorinated dibenzofurans. By varying the experimental conditions of the HTC process applied to sewage sludge samples contaminated with PCDD/Fs from anthropogenic sources, beside the “natural formation pattern” at a temperatures of 255 °C, a remarkable increase of the toxicity based on WHO–TEQ was observed.     

An Investigation Into the Mechanism by Which Synthetic Zeolites Reduce Labile Metal Concentrations in Soils

The addition of synthetic zeolites and similar materials to metal contaminated soils has been shown to reduce soil phytotoxicity and to improve the quality of plant growth on such amended soils. To gain an understanding of the mechanism by which the phytotoxicity of contaminated soils is reduced when treated with synthetic zeolites, sequential extraction procedures and soil solution techniques have been used to identify changes associated with metal speciation in amended soils. Sequential extraction data and changes in soil solution composition are presented for three different contaminated soils, amended with three synthetic zeolites (P, 4A and Y) at concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 5% w/w, or lime at 1%. The soils were collected from the site of a metal refinery, an old lead zinc mine spoil tip and from a field which had been treated with sewage sludge. After incubation of the zeolite treated soils for between one and three months, results showed a reduction in the metal content of the ammonium acetate fraction between 42% and 70%, depending on soil, zeolite and rate of addition, compared with the unamended soils. In addition, soil solution experiments indicated that synthetic zeolite amendments were more efficient at reducing metal content than comparable lime treatment. The mechanism by which synthetic zeolites reduce metal bioavailability in contaminated soils is discussed and compared to other amendments.     

水热条件下绿矾稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰的研究

研究了饱和温度为200 ℃的水热条件下绿矾对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定效果,并与常温常压下的稳定效果进行了对比.研究结果表明,高温水热条件有利于Pb特别是Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定,对Cd的稳定无明显影响,同时绿矾的用量大为降低,降低了药剂的成本.     

沸石分子筛和活性炭吸附/脱附甲苯性能对比

考察了甲苯在NaY型沸石分子筛(简写为NaY)、13X型沸石分子筛(简写为13X)、Hβ型沸石分子筛(简写为Hβ)、MCM-22型沸石分子筛(简写为MCM-22)和ZSM-5型沸石分子筛(简写为ZSM-5)上的吸附/脱附性能,同时与椰壳活性炭(AC)的吸附/脱附性能进行对比.结果表明,各吸附剂对甲苯的平衡吸附量大小依次为:AC>NaY>Hβ>13X>MCM-22>ZSM-5,甲苯从吸附剂表面脱附难易程度依次为:AC>NaY、13X>Hβ>MCM-22>ZSM-5>ZSM-5对甲苯的平衡吸附量和吸附强度都最小,这是由于甲苯无法进入ZSM-5的内部孔道造成的;在低甲苯质量浓度(<1 000 mg/m3)时.NaY平衡吸附量超过AC,因此NaY更适合应用在低浓度有机废气吸附治理中,Langmuir吸附方程比Freundlich吸附方程更符合沸石分子筛吸附甲苯的行为.     

用于氨氮去除的13X分子筛／PES膜吸附剂的制备与性能表征

针对氨氮排放对环境造成的污染以及给人类带来的危害这一问题,将分子筛吸附与膜技术相结合,以13x分子筛为功能颗粒,以聚醚砜（PES）为膜的基质材料,以二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）为溶剂,通过相转化法制备了不同13x分子筛填充量的13x／PEs膜吸附剂。研究发现,随着13x分子筛填充量的增加,膜的指状孔变得细密、短小,其吸附容量,断裂强度都在增加,但是水通量逐渐降低。料液温度与pH值对吸附性能的影响表明,该膜吸附剂在293K,pH=7时对氨氮有较好的吸附容量,可达21．69mg／g;吸附热力学研究表明,该类型膜吸附剂对氨氮的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程。