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81.
Human land use is fragmenting habitats worldwide and inhibiting dispersal among previously connected populations of organisms, often leading to inbreeding depression and reduced evolutionary potential in the face of rapid environmental change. To combat this augmentation of isolated populations with immigrants is sometimes used to facilitate demographic and genetic rescue. Augmentation with immigrants that are genetically and adaptively similar to the target population effectively increases population fitness, but if immigrants are very genetically or adaptively divergent, augmentation can lead to outbreeding depression. Despite well‐cited guidelines for the best practice selection of immigrant sources, often only highly divergent populations remain, and experimental tests of these riskier augmentation scenarios are essentially nonexistent. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to test the multigenerational demographic and genetic effects of augmenting 2 target populations with 3 types of divergent immigrants. We found no evidence of demographic rescue, but we did observe genetic rescue in one population. Divergent immigrant treatments tended to maintain greater genetic diversity, abundance, and hybrid fitness than controls that received immigrants from the source used to seed the mesocosms. In the second population, divergent immigrants had a slightly negative effect in one treatment, and the benefits of augmentation were less apparent overall, likely because this population started with higher genetic diversity and a lower reproductive rate that limited genetic admixture. Our results add to a growing consensus that gene flow can increase population fitness even when immigrants are more highly divergent and may help reduce uncertainty about the use of augmentation in conservation.  相似文献   
82.
Conservation practice has demonstrated an increasing desire for accountability of actions, particularly with respect to effectiveness, efficiency, and impact to clearly identified objectives. This has been accompanied by increased attention to achieving adaptive management. In 2002, practitioners representing several prominent conservation nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) launched a community of practice called the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP). The partnership CMP has worked to establish standards of conservation practice to improve accountability of conservation actions through adaptive management. The focal organizing framework for CMP has been the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (OS). We evaluated, through an online survey and personal interviews, the first decade of CMP and the OS. The CMP has garnered a positive reputation among agencies, NGOs, and funders and has succeeded in developing a large user base of the OS. However, CMP has not fully achieved its goal of making the OS standard operating procedure for the largest NGOs (e.g., The Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund), despite it being widely used within these organizations. This lack of institutionalization is attributable to multiple causes, including an increase in the number of partially overlapping decision‐support frameworks and challenges achieving full‐cycle adaptive management. Users strongly believed the OS fosters better conservation practice and highly valued the OS for improving their practice. A primary objective of the OS is to assist practitioners to achieve full‐cycle adaptive management to better integrate learning into improving the effectiveness and efficiency of actions. However, most practitioners had not yet achieved cycle completion for their projects. To improve the effectiveness of CMP, OS, and conservation practice in general, we recommend collaborative efforts among the proponents of multiple decision‐support frameworks to foster strong institutional adoption of a common set of adaptive‐management standards for conservation accountability.  相似文献   
83.
Multi-purpose plants are frequently protected with mechanical safety devices like safety valves or bursting disks. Due to many changes of recipes it must be checked regularly whether the safety devices are sufficiently sized. But the sizing procedure of individual safety devices can be very tedious. Therefore energy specific relief areas (effective relief area per kW of energy input) have been determined for approx. 60 typical solvents. They are indicated for reactors with safety devices which have a set pressure of 7 bar (abs) or 11 bar (abs). These values are independent of the size of the reactors for vaporizing systems and arbitrary safety valves. The energy specific relief areas allow the minimum required relief area quickly to recalculate if the energy input of the reactor is known. In addition, the application of solvents in multi-purpose plants can be evaluated from a safety point of few.The energy specific relief areas are calculated based on a relief of two-phase gas/liquid mixtures. The data have been determined with the non-equilibrium HNE-DS method, which takes into account the boiling delay of the liquid in the safety device and the slip between gases and liquids. The method is recommended in the international standard ISO 4126 part 10. In addition, practical advice and possible improvements are outlined. The method leads to significantly smaller relief areas than according to the API 520. For multi-purpose plants with available safety devices this method allows for a considerable expansion of the application range of reactors.  相似文献   
84.
本文主要介绍了ISO22320:2011国际标准的作用、使用范围和内容,重点强调了指挥和控制的要求、操作信息的需求、合作与协调的要求等,以为我国应急管理及其相关组织实施该国际标准提供帮助。  相似文献   
85.
以道路车辆功能安全规范标准ISO 26262为准则,对汽车的车道偏离预警系统(LDWS)进行了概念设计。首先分析了ISO 26262功能安全规范概念阶段的活动内容,并在此基础上,完成车道偏离预警系统的项目定义、危险分析和评估,设计了功能安全概念的相关工作,确定了功能安全等级和安全目标。最后搭建了UML仿真模型对LDWS概念设计阶段进行仿真测试,测试结果表明此设计能够满足ISO 26262规范标准,实现了车道偏离预警系统的功能安全概念设计,对车道偏离预警系统的安全开发具有指导意义。  相似文献   
86.
本文主要讨论了企业可持续发展与ISO14000环境管理体系标准的关系。该文分析了企业可持续发展的问题,介绍了ISO14000环境管理体系标准的内涵,指出了ISO14000环境管理体系标准是企业实现可持续发展的基础。  相似文献   
87.
Zusammenfassung  Im Rahmen praktischer Untersuchungen der Autoren zu Umweltmanagementsystemen in der Landwirtschaft, und hier insbesondere der Umweltprüfung, zeigen sich die Besonderheiten der Agrarwirtschaft im Implementierungsproze?. Einige Bereiche k?nnen relativ einfach umgesetzt werden, andere Aspekte bedürfen einer differenzierteren Methodik als bei anderen Wirtschaftsbereichen. W?hrend sich das Managementaudit durch die übersichtliche Organisationsstruktur landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe meist als unkritisch erweist, werden beim Wirkungsund Rechtsaudit einige bereichsspezifische Probleme erkannt. Das Wirkungsaudit zeigt dem Anwender nach der Einführung einer neuen, speziell auf die Landwirtschaft angepa?ten Methodik der Stoffstrombilanzierung praxisorientierte Handlungspotentiale. Die Ergebnisse k?nnen je nach Bedarf auf Betriebs-, Betriebszweigoder Kostentr?gerebene ausgewiesen relevant, da sie einhohes ?kologischen Gef?hrdungspotential besitzen und bei den praktischen Erhebungen h?ufig Gegenstand von Beanstandungen waren. Diese betreffen vor allem die Lagerung von umweltrelevanten Stoffen (Pflanzenschutzmittel, Diesel, Jauche, Gülle, Festmist oder Sickers?fte) sowie die etwaigen Notwendigkeit und Beschaffenheit eines Waschplatzes. Die Konfliktbereiche werden beschrieben und darauf aufbauend Optionen zur Verbesserung aufgezeigt. Online-Publikationsdatum: 20.12.1999  相似文献   
88.
1980年代以来,全球平均气温迅速上升,不寻常的天气与气候现象频频发生频率,使得气候变迁突然成为世人瞩目的议题.在全球日益暖化的同时,如何减少温室气体排放成为各国共同面对的挑战.本文,借由说明国际通的ISO14064系列标准规范内容以及温室气体盘查议定书,指导企业如何开展温室气体盘查.  相似文献   
89.
环境影响评价过程控制是工作质量的重要保障,通过引入ISO9000标准管理体系,从质量手册、控制程序、作业文件和记录表格四个方面构建环境影响评价质量管理系统,对环评项目委托、现场调查、资料审核、报告编制、报告审批、跟踪回访、资料存档等过程进行质量控制节点管理,为环境影响评价过程控制的规范化管理提供了参考。  相似文献   
90.
随着国际标准化组织制定的社会责任指南(ISO26000)颁布日期的临近,企业社会责任再次被提上日程,企业的各项管理工作也需要在履行社会责任的前提下开展。本文针对煤炭企业安全事故频发的现状,将煤矿安全置于社会责任框架下进行研究。论文在对ISO26000进行概述的基础上,讨论煤炭企业履行社会责任对煤矿安全的影响,提出社会责任框架下,煤矿安全管理的建议。  相似文献   
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