圆梁山毛坝向斜段隧道涌突水灾害及对地下水的影响

深埋隧道涌突水对工程施工及区域环境都有很重要的影响 ,笔者通过圆梁山隧道毛坝向斜段涌突水监测数据 ,结合地表降水资料 ,分析了影响隧道排水量、隧道支护稳定性的主要自然因素及排水工程 ,对地表水环境产生的影响。监测和分析认为 ,隧道揭露的含水溶洞突水对当地水环境影响最大 ,也是地表降水对隧道支护产生影响的主要通道。     

Using unobtrusive sensors to measure and minimize Hawthorne effects: Evidence from cookstoves

People act differently when they know they are being observed. This phenomenon, the Hawthorne effect, can bias estimates of program impacts. Unobtrusive sensors substituting for human observation can alleviate this bias. To demonstrate this potential, we used temperature loggers to measure fuel-efficient cookstoves as a replacement for three-stone fires. We find a large Hawthorne effect: when in-person measurement begins, participants increase fuel-efficient stove use approximately three hours/day (53%) and reduce three-stone fire use by approximately two hours/day (29%). When in-person measurement ends, participants reverse those changes. We then examine how this Hawthorne effect biases estimates of fuel use and pollution concentrations. Our results reinforce concerns about Hawthorne effects, especially in policy-relevant impact evaluations. By measuring the Hawthorne effect we permit researchers to correct for the bias it introduces.     

Indigenous land rights and deforestation: Evidence from the Brazilian Amazon

Concerns over the expropriation of and encroachment on indigenous communities' lands have led to greater formalization of these communities' rights in a number of developing countries. We study whether formalization of indigenous communities' land rights affects the rate of deforestation in both the short and medium terms. Beginning in 1995, the Government of Brazil formalized the rights of several hundred indigenous communities whose lands cover more than 40 million hectares in the Amazon region and provided support for these rights’ enforcement. We study the program's impacts using a long time-series of satellite-based forest cover data. Using both plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of formalization and matched samples of treated and comparison communities, we find no effect of these protections on satellite-based greenness measures. This is true even for communities that received support for surveillance and enforcement of these rights. Notably, we observe low counterfactual rates of deforestation on communities' lands between 1982 and 2010, suggesting that indigenous land rights programs should not uniformly be justified on the basis of their forest protection, at least in the medium term.     

Environmental concerns for marina planning in the Gulf of Suez

This paper presents a case study where numerical modelling was utilized for the first time to estimate shoreline changes during the planning of a private pleasure marina in the Gulf of Suez. The study was made to compliment an environmental impact assessment study (EIA) requested by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). The paper presents data collected during two surveys and the results of the numerical model. The impact of the marina on the sediment budget was investigated using the GENESIS one-line program. One of the main reasons for the study was to confirm that the choice of the marina location ensured minimum erosion of the shoreline. In the model, the sediment transport calibration constants were determined using the results of two surveys. The choice of the formula is discussed in the paper. Two locations for the marina were tested against minimum erosion at the down drift side of the marina. This study was performed in close co-ordination with the EEAA and several solutions were suggested to minimize the expected accretion before the final location was approved.     

Social, economic, and ecological impacts of the "Grain for Green" project in China: a preliminary case in Zhangye, Northwest China

This paper provides applications of the integrated assessment (IA) approach in a case study in the Heihe River Basin of Northwest China. Some socio-economic and ecological impact results of forestry land use scenarios are presented in the paper. While seven types of land use scenarios for carbon sequestration purposes were considered for the IA applications, this paper mainly presents impacts of land use scenarios within the Grain for Green (GFG) category [see Yin et al., this volume]. China's national Grain for Green Project was implemented in order to protect and improve ecosystems, while allowing an evolution of agricultural management practices compatible with raising peasants' incomes. Zhangye Prefecture, located in the Heihe River Basin of an arid area in Northwest China, was chosen as the investigation site of the IA case study. Based on fundamental orientation theory, the social sustainability impacts of GFG land use options were assessed. Between 2002 and 2004, the GFG project brought US$23.56 million yuan in net income to the prefecture's peasants. Project implementation resulted in a 1.71 Gg increase in net primary productivity (NPP), as well as a 44.36 Gg rise in net ecosystem productivity (NEP). This suggested that, in Zhangye Prefecture, the Grain for Green Project could enhance the sustainability and stability of the local society, increase peasants' net income, as well as protect and remediate local ecosystems.     

浅谈民航空管工程电磁辐射影响及环境管理问题与对策

当前我国民航事业处于快速发展的关键时期,对空管系统建设提出了更高的要求,进一步加强空管工程前期工作和建设管理,提高空管综合保障能力迫在眉睫。文章以北京新机场为例,介绍了空管工程典型辐射源的电磁环境影响,对其电磁辐射环境管理存在的问题进行了探讨并提出了对策。     

浅谈环境影响评价中的环境监测

当前,我国正处于经济建设的高速发展时期,环境保护工作的发展面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。环境监测作为环境保护管理中的最重要手段,贯穿于环境影响评价的全过程,其监测数据反映了环境质量状况和污染物排放情况,是环境污染预测的基础,是实施总量控制必不可少的手段,在环境影响评价体系中有着重要的作用。     

我国页岩气勘查开发中的环境影响问题研究

我国页岩气开发仅处于理论研究阶段,但面对强劲的开发势头,提前开展相关问题研究十分必要;根据国外页岩气开发的工程经验,结合我国地质条件从页岩气勘探开发的工程特点入手,分析其可能产生的环境影响问题,并提出页岩气工程环境影响研究方向和评价体系,为我国页岩气开发工程的可持续发展提供科学参考。     

220kV输电线路导线不同排列方式下电磁环境影响分析

从220 kV高压架空输电线路工程的导线不同排列方式入手,分析不同导线排列方式下输电线路产生的电磁环境影响,通过对相同电压等级的同塔四回路输电线在导线水平排列和垂直排列两种方式下对周围电磁环境影响的比较分析,探讨此两种导线排列方式对周围环境的影响程度。同时,通过预测输电线路在导线相同排列方式下不同相序布置时对周围环境的影响,对今后的高压输电线路架线方式从减小环境影响角度考虑提出建议。