我国环境影响评价中的公众参与问题及对策

探讨了环境影响评价中的公众参与机制 ,具体分析了当前公众参与所面临的问题 :信息公开不充分、公众参与形式单一、进入渠道和公众参与保障措施缺乏 ,并提出了相应的对策     

Nuclear Weapons Tests and Environmental Consequences: A Global Perspective

The beginning of the atomic age marked the outset of nuclear weapons testing, which is responsible for the radioactive contamination of a large number of sites worldwide. The paper aims to analyze nuclear weapons tests conducted in the second half of the twentieth century, highlighting the impact of radioactive pollution on the atmospheric, aquatic, and underground environments. Special attention was given to the concentration of main radioactive isotopes which were released, such as ¹⁴C, ¹³⁷Cs, and ⁹⁰Sr, generally stored in the atmosphere and marine environment. In addition, an attempt was made to trace the spatial delimitation of the most heavily contaminated sites worldwide, and to note the human exposure which has caused a significantly increased incidence of thyroidal cancer locally and regionally. The United States is one of the important examples of assessing the correlation between the increase in the thyroid cancer incidence rate and the continental-scale radioactive contamination with ¹³¹I, a radioactive isotope which was released in large amounts during the nuclear tests carried out in the main test site, Nevada.     

The Valuation of Health Effects Caused by Stationary Sources–Related SO2 Emissions: The Adaptation of Impact Pathway Approach in Taiwan

This paper presents the externalities of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in the Taichung metropolitan, Taiwan. The human effects of SO₂ from stationary sources are a key element for local air quality management. A methodology to evaluate those effects in monetary term had been adapted and applied. This method was modified from the EU-based impact pathway approach link to the skill of geographic information systems. The studied area was divided into 66 districts and the quantity of SO₂ was allocated to each district. Then, the ambient concentration of SO₂ was estimated by using the ordinary kriging method. A risk analysis was employed to characterize the health impacts caused by SO₂. Finally, a monetary transfer approach based on the European data was conducted to estimate local damage costs per ton of SO₂. Health impacts, especially acute mortality, dominate in term of costs. The calculation showed that damage costs ranged from 0.56 to 7.38 USD/kg SO₂ based on the 2002 emission data. The results could be used in the internalization of SO₂ externalities and management of the stationary sources in the studied area. This paper also concludes that the externalities caused by stationary-related SO₂ emissions are some 28.5 million US dollars in Taichung metropolitan (Taiwan) in 2002.     

二维水流泥沙模型在采砂吹填作业环评中的应用

应用基于有限体积法及黎曼近似解的二维水流泥沙模型,在无结构网格上对偏微分方程进行有限体积的积分离散,以苏州港太仓港区庵弄村岸线调整工程为例,预测采砂吹填作业产生的悬砂对长江水体的水环境影响。结果表明,采砂产生的悬砂影响范围较大,但集中在江段中间,对水厂取水口有一定影响。若采取静置等措施,可将吹填作业悬砂产生的水环境影响控制在较小的范围之内。二维泥沙模型对采砂吹填作业施工可能引起水体污染的范围和程度的预测为该类项目环境影响评价的审批提供了科学依据。     

北方沙尘暴对杭州大气环境的影响及应对措施

简述了我国沙尘天气的形成与分级情况。分析了我国沙尘天气的发展趋势与原因及其对杭州大气环境的影响情况。指出我国沙尘天气的发展有越演越烈的趋势 ,对杭州大气环境的影响时间延长 ,频次增加 ,危害程度加重 ,范围扩大。对防治沙尘天气污染大气环境提出了应对措施。     

A proposed impact assessment method for genetically modified plants (AS-GMP Method)

An essential step in the development of products based on biotechnology is an assessment of their potential economic impacts and safety, including an evaluation of the potential impact of transgenic crops and practices related to their cultivation on the environment and human or animal health. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment method to evaluate the impact of biotechnologies that uses quantifiable parameters and allows a comparative analysis between conventional technology and technologies using GMOs. This paper introduces a method to perform an impact analysis associated with the commercial release and use of genetically modified plants, the Assessment System GMP Method. The assessment is performed through indicators that are arranged according to their dimension criterion likewise: environmental, economic, social, capability and institutional approach. To perform an accurate evaluation of the GMP specific indicators related to genetic modification are grouped in common fields: genetic insert features, GM plant features, gene flow, food/feed field, introduction of the GMP, unexpected occurrences and specific indicators. The novelty is the possibility to include specific parameters to the biotechnology under assessment. In this case by case analysis the factors of moderation and the indexes are parameterized to perform an available assessment.     

The toxicity of phthalocyanines to the aquatic plant Lemna minor (duckweed) - testing of 31 compounds

Phthalocyanines are prospective chemicals that have applications in industry, medicine and biology due especially to their architectural flexibility and production of reactive oxygen species. Although they are used in so many areas of human activities nowadays, there is still little knowledge of their ecotoxicity. Here we present the first observation of their toxic effects on representatives of the aquatic plants Lemna minor. The tested phthalocyanines possess a wide spectrum of phytotoxicity ranging from seldom (>50 mg L⁻¹) to highly toxic 0.11 mg L⁻¹. Moreover, the potential of phthalocyanines to be used as selective cyanocides or herbicides is discussed as well.     

房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价要点评述

近年来随着房地产行业的蓬勃发展以及公众环保意识的不断增强,房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价水平不断被推向新的深度。本文将根据房地产开发建设项目自身的特点,综合论述此类项目环境影响评价中应关注的主要环境问题。     

环境影响评价报告书数据计算及分析自动化系统设计

环境影响报告书的数据计算及分析一般采用人工处理的方法,工作量大且易出错。通过环境影响评价报告书数据计算及分析自动化系统的建立,实现了数据处理计算及分析自动化及系统化,提高了工作效率。     

Evaluating the Impacts of Mangrove Rehabilitation in Cogtong Bay,Philippines

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been hailed worldwide as vehicles toward sustainable development (SD) in coastal zones. The prominent model by which MPAs operate is through a comanagement approach, a shift from traditional top-down management. This paradigm shift must be reviewed continuously to evaluate its social and ecological impacts, thereby allowing adaptive management. We evaluated the perceived impacts of the Cogtong Bay Mangrove Rehabilitation Project (CBMRP; Philippines) by using 12 perception indicators categorized into 3 comanagement impact criteria (equity, efficiency, and sustainability). We also collected 16 contextual attributes of each respondent to determine the correlates of perceived impacts. Our results showed that there were significant improvements in all indicators under the efficiency criterion but mixed impacts in the equity and sustainability criteria. Access to resource and household income (equity) and fisheries abundance (sustainability) were perceived to have decreased during the last 15 years and were not expected to improve in the future. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the asymmetries of the perceived impacts of the CBMRP were principally caused by disparities in perceptions by gender and by location (Candijay and Mabini). This highlighted the importance of cross-scale institutional linkages between Cogtong Bay municipalities to systematically address baywide management issues. Our results further demonstrated the necessity of integrating gender issues into the evaluation of MPA impacts to ensure a robust evaluation. Finally, we recommend that a rigorous evaluation of MPAs using a common set of impact indicators should be encouraged to allow comparison of studies both spatially and temporally.