钢渣粉末吸附去除废水中磷的研究

选用平均粒径为0.060mm的钢渣粉末作为除磷吸附剂,分析了其组成和结构,研究了溶液pH和温度对钢渣粉末吸附效果的影响,结合吸附动力学过程和吸附等温模型及钢渣粉末组成成分变化探讨其吸附除磷的机理。结果表明:钢渣粉末吸附除磷的动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型。Langmuir等温吸附模型能较好地模拟钢渣对磷的等温吸附过程,理论饱和吸附量为94.61mg/g。钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量远大于钢渣颗粒,且受pH和温度影响较大。随着溶液pH的增大,钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量逐渐减小,当pH=5时,钢渣粉末对磷的吸附量最大。温度升高,有利于钢渣粉末对磷的吸附。X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和傅里叶红外分析(FITR)结果表明,钢渣粉末中CaO、Fe2O3和SiO2在吸附除磷中均发挥了重要作用。     

胞外聚合物EPS在废水生物除磷中的作用

对EPS在废水生物除磷中的作用机理进行系统研究,探讨和完善生物除磷机理.试验结果表明,在生物除磷系统中,EPS贮存了部分磷,在生物除磷中起着重要的作用.在厌氧.好氧交替过程中.EPS中磷含量呈厌氧减少、好氧增加的周期性变化;污泥中的磷有82%左右被聚磷菌吸收,另外18%左右的磷聚集在EPS中;一个运行周期中基质所减少的磷84.3%被聚磷菌过量吸收,15.7%被贮存于EPS中;EPS对磷的去除能力与EPS的含量正相关.此外,泥龄对EPS影响较大,对EPS在生物除磷中的作用影响显著,泥龄越长,EPS含量越高,EPS中所贮存的磷含量越高.而磷负荷对EPS除磷影响不显著.     

典型发达国家适应气候变化资金机制及对中国的启示

气候变化是全人类面临的严峻挑战,我国受到气候变化的不利影响更为显著,加快采取雄心勃勃的适应气候变化行动显得尤为重要,但资金机制一直是我国适应进程中的主要障碍,亟须借鉴国际经验构建完善适应气候变化的资金机制。基于此,本文首先简要分析国际适应气候变化资金机制的基本情况,然后选取适应进程较为完善的美、英、德、日等典型发达国家,分别从适应政策体系、国内适应资金和国际援助资金等三个方面梳理总结各国适应气候变化资金机制,最后分析我国适应气候变化资金机制及存在的问题,并提出对我国适应气候变化资金机制的启示。研究发现,《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其气候变化国际谈判进程是各国推进适应气候变化资金机制的主要动因,发达国家重视适应政策的法制化,但政策力度和运行模式有所不同,公共部门是各国适应资金的主要来源,私人资金潜力尚待挖掘,国际气候援助注重减缓与适应并重,但援助力度有待加强。未来我国应从完善适应气候变化顶层设计、建立适应气候变化资金保障机制、提高适应气候援助力度、加强国际交流与合作等方面完善我国适应气候变化资金机制。     

三工河流域油料作物的农户种植意愿影响因素分析——基于Logistic模型和240户农户微观调查数据

论文以新疆三工河流域27个行政村(连队)240户农户的调查数据为基础,通过建立农户种植油料作物意愿和各自变量的Logistic回归计量模型,从家庭特征因素、 资源禀赋因素、 家庭经济因素和其他因素四大方面分析了农户对油料作物种植意愿的影响因素。研究表明:家庭总人口、 对农业技术服务的态度与农户的种植意愿呈正相关关系,且对农业技术服务的态度标准化系数更大,影响更显著;常年从事农业劳动人数、 户主文化水平和地块位置与之呈反相关关系,且户主文化水平的标准化系数更大,影响更显著。但是反映土地投入、 种地收入以及人均收入没有通过检验,不能得出这几个变量与农户种植油料作物意愿之间的关系。文章最后探讨了兵地差异对农户种植意愿的影响及研究展望。     

在线表征萘二次有机气溶胶硝基多环芳烃

硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)广泛存在于大气气溶胶中,是棕色碳的重要组成部分.萘和其他多环芳烃是NPAHs的重要前体物.为研究NO₂对NPAHs形成的影响,本文利用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪(ALTOFMS)在线测定不同NO₂浓度下萘光氧化形成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的NPAHs组分.实验结果表明,NO₂对NPAHs的产生和萘SOA的形成有促进作用.通过ALTOFMS在线检测、模糊C均值(FCM)聚类分析,结合离线电喷雾电离质谱验证,测得萘酚和羰基化合物是不存在NO₂时萘SOA粒子主要成分,而通过OH-萘加合物和萘酚硝化产生的硝基萘、二硝基萘、硝基萘酚和二硝基萘酚及其衍生物是NO₂存在时萘SOA粒子的主要组分.这为城市大气高浓度NO_x背景下,研究NPAHs的化学组分和形成机理提供了实验依据.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Measuring and explaining the EU’s effect on national climate performance

ABSTRACT

To what extent has the European Union (EU) had a benign or retarding effect on what its member states would have undertaken in the absence of EU climate policies during 2008–2012? A measurement tool for the EU policy’s effect is developed and shows a benign average EU effect with considerable variation across countries. The EU’s policy effectiveness vis-à-vis its member states is explained by the EU’s non-compliance mechanism, the degree of usage of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms, and national pre-Kyoto emission reduction goals. Time-series cross-sectional analyses show that the EU’s non-compliance mechanism has no effect, while the ex-ante plans for using Kyoto flexible mechanisms and/or the ambitious pre-Kyoto emission reduction targets allow member states to escape constraints imposed by EU climate policy.     

Determination of heterogeneous reaction mechanisms: A key milestone in dust explosion modelling

Reaction kinetics is fundamental for modelling the thermal oxidation of a solid phase, in processes such as dust explosions, combustion or gasification. The methodology followed in this study consists in i) the experimental identification of the reaction mechanisms involved in the explosion of organic powders, ii) the proposal of simplified mechanisms of pyrolysis and oxidation, iii) the implementation of the model to assess the explosion severity of organic dusts. Flash pyrolysis and combustion experiments were carried out on starch (22 μm) and cellulose (53 μm) at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K. The gases generated were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography. In this paper, a semi-global pyrolysis model was developed for reactive systems with low Damköhler number. It is in good agreement with the experimental data and shows that both carbon monoxide and hydrogen are mainly generated during the pyrolysis of the solid, the generation of the latter compound being greatly promoted at high temperature. A simplified combustion model was also proposed by adding two oxidation reactions of the pyrolysis products. In parallel, flame propagation tests were performed in a semi open tube in order to assess the burning velocity of such compounds. The laminar burning velocity of cellulose was determined to be 21 cm s⁻¹. Finally, this model will be integrated to a predictive model of dust explosions and its validation will be based on experimental data obtained using the 20 L explosion sphere. The explosion severity of cellulose was determined and will be used to develop and adjust the predictive model.     

Study on machinability of a stellite alloy with uncoated and coated carbide tools in turning

Stellite alloys, which have been widely used in the aerospace, automotive and chemical industries, are hard-to-cut cobalt-based materials. This study investigates the machinability of stellite 12 alloys with uncoated carbide cutting tool grades YG610 (K01-K10) and YT726 (K05-K10/M20) and SANDVIK coated carbide tool SNMG150612-SM1105 under dry cutting conditions. Both wear mechanisms and failure modes of the uncoated and coated tools were investigated with turning experiments. The results show that the coated tool SM1105 remarkably outperforms the uncoated tools; and the cutting tool YG610 generally outperforms YT726 under all cutting conditions. Built-up edge was found with YG610 in some cutting conditions and with SM1105 at cutting speed of 16 m/min. Tool surface burning marks were observed on YT726 at relatively higher cutting speeds. Wear develops slowly with coated tools SM1105 until VB reaches 0.2 mm at most conditions (except at v = 43 m/min, f = 0.25 mm/r). Excessive tool flank typically resulted in tool breakage at the cutting edge for uncoated tools. Abrasive and adhesive wear of cutting tools were observed at low cutting speeds while diffusion and chemical wear occurred at higher cutting speeds.     

Application of a green coagulant with PACl in efficient purification of turbid water and its mechanism study

The applications of natural polymeric flocculants due to their green feature has been recently received much more attention. In this work, the combined usages of a cationic starch-based coagulant and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were extensively evaluated for various addition sequences in the coagulation of both raw (surface water from the Jiuxiang River) and synthetic turbid water (two kaolin suspensions with different initial turbidities). Two typical cationic starch-based coagulants with different structures (St-G and St-E) were tried. In comparison to St-G, St-E and PACl used individually as well as St-G and St-E dosed after PACl, the combination of the starch-based coagulants fed before PACl showed higher turbidity removal efficiency, which featured not only less optimal doses of both inorganic and organic coagulants but also lower residual turbidity. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the particle size and its distribution in solution supernatants before and after coagulation by two starch-based coagulants and PACl, polymeric coagulants preferentially coagulate the small-sized colloids due to their distinct long-chain structures, but PACl preferentially coagulates the medium-sized ones. Thus, the medium-sized particles that were previously formed by the starch-based coagulants would be collectively and effectively removed by the subsequent addition of PACl. The addition sequence of the inorganic and organic coagulants in their combined usage is an important factor for improvement of the turbidity removal efficiency in practice.