尾矿库水体环境抗生素抗性基因的分布特征

抗生素抗性基因是近年来人们普遍关注的新型环境生物污染物,也是科学家们研究的热点.为了探究尾矿库水体环境抗生素抗性基因的污染特征,揭示尾矿库水体环境抗生素抗性基因的影响因素,本文采用超高通量定量PCR 技术(HT-qPCR),研究了某尾矿库的4 个点位的水体抗生素抗性基因的多样性、丰度和驱动机制.结果表明,尾矿库水体环境...     

森林植被影响径流形成机制研究进展

径流形成机制研究在水文学领域中具有十分重要的意义,且受到越来越广泛的重视。水文环境以及水文通量的空间异质性和时间变化性导致了水文过程的尺度依赖性和非线性特征,没有对水文过程较为清晰的认识,就不能将某一地区某一流域森林植被变化水文生态效应的研究结果简单地外推到其他地区和其他流域。开发基于物理过程分布式参数水文模型可以为认识森林植被变化的生态学后效和客观评价森林植被水文生态效益提供可行的工具。但是要实现这一目标,研究森林植被影响径流形成机制是问题的核心所在。另一方面,认识森林影响径流形成机制有助于研究水文学中的尺度问题。研究森林植被影响径流形成机制的主要方法包括水文测验、同位素示踪和动力水文学计算等,研究的空间尺度则为坡面与流域相接合。从已有的研究成果来看,森林植被影响径流形成机制可以概括为:①森林流域径流形成为变动源区产流机制;②森林流域径流形成主要受饱和地表径流、亚表层径流和地下径流的控制;③森林流域径流形成机制是相互作用和相互转化的;④优先流在森林流域径流形成中起到了至关重要的作用。     

鹤岗煤矿开采诱发地震研究

对鹤岗煤矿开采诱发地震的生成环境、活动与破坏特征及震源机制进行了分析，提出鹤岗矿震的孕育和发生受到人为采掘因素和区内构造应力场的双重作用。在特定的构造物理条件和地球动力学环境下，深部采矿使井下断裂构造从稳定状态逐渐活动或蠕动，致使局部活化。矿震具有震源浅、对地表破坏强的特点。震源机制表现出断层的运动方式有走滑断层，也有正断层和逆断层。     

新型转式焚烧炉焚烧特性的机理研究

采用模化有机垃圾，在炉膛内径为0.5米，有中心转轴翅片推动垃圾前进的焚烧炉中，对焚烧特性进行了研究。通过对实验结果的分析，确定了影响焚烧炉中NOx、SOx生成和燃烬率的主要因素，并提出了焚烧炉在控制NOx、SOx的前提下稳定操作的范围。     

Assessing the Risk of Introducing Exotic Species via the Live Marine Species Trade

Abstract:  Although the shipping industry has received considerable attention as a dispersal mechanism for aquatic nuisance species, many invasions have been linked to other mechanisms of transfer. The threat posed to coastal ecosystems by these alternative mechanisms, however, remains largely unquantified. We assessed the potential risks of introducing marine and estuarine species associated with seven mechanisms of transfer: seafood companies, aquaculture operations, bait shops, stores that sell marine ornamental species, research and educational organizations, public aquariums, and coastal restoration projects. For each, we compiled a comprehensive database of organizations in coastal Massachusetts. We then designed and administered a survey to a subset of organizations that inquired about (1) their proximity to saltwater and methods of handling live imports; (2) the type and quantity of marine species being imported; and (3) the organization's familiarity with marine invasions. Respondents in five of the seven categories acknowledged importing nonlocal live marine species to the area. Seafood companies handled the majority of individuals but relatively few taxa. This mechanism of transfer also had the most complex trade patterns and the greatest number of operations located near saltwater. In contrast, the other transfer mechanisms each had simpler trade pathways and fewer operations but varied in the quantity and taxonomic diversity of their imports. Significantly, no single mechanism of transfer stood out as presenting a primary risk. Rather, each had characteristics or used handling practices at different points in the importation process that could facilitate introductions. To prevent future marine invasions, better reporting requirements for live species imports are needed, and best-management practices and outreach strategies specific to the transfer mechanism should be developed and implemented.     

PM2.5的健康危害、毒理效应与作用机制的研究

大气颗粒物对人体健康的影响在世界范围内引起关注,尤其是细粒子（PM_2.5,fine particulate matter）因粒径小、成分复杂,对人体健康的影响尤为突出。PM_2.5的毒理效应与作用机制是当前研究的热点,分析其研究现状与存在问题能更好地把握其核心领域并开展更进一步的研究。基于文献检索与分析,系统梳理了PM_2.5危害导致的疾病类型;介绍了PM_2.5毒理研究的主要实验手段;讨论当前认知的PM_2.5毒理效应（包括PM_2.5不同组分、不同来源、不同季节的影响）;汇总PM_2.5毒理作用机制研究方法的原理、特点、检测指标与测定方法,解析目前研究认为的五种主要的PM_2.5毒理作用机制。在分析已有研究成果的基础之上,就PM_2.5毒理实验、方法和研究内容方面存在的不足进行讨论,并提出今后需要重点开展的研究方向,以期为PM_2.5健康危害的准确评估和有效防治提供科学依据。     

The interaction mechanisms of co-existing polybrominated diphenyl ethers and engineered nanoparticles in environmental waters:A critical review

This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles(ENPs)and brominated flame retardants(BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in water systems and the generation of highly complex compounds in the environment.The release of ENPs and BFRs(e.g. PBDEs) to aquatic environments during their usage and disposal are summarised together with their key interaction mechanisms. The major interaction mechanisms including electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrophobic, ...     

The ecohealth system and the community engagement movement in foundations: A case study of mutual benefits from grants funded by the United Nations Foundation

Ecohealth is a process for identifying key environmental determinants causing mortality or morbidity and combating them by mobilizing multiple social sectors. Evolving out of the concept of environmental health, ecohealth provides a framework for long‐term sustainability. The health outcomes anticipated by environmental interventions are part of a long‐term agenda and require fundamental groundwork for the growth of community‐driven development. Building long‐term sustainability requires that two key approaches be developed through ecohealth. The first is the strengthening of local community institutions, whether formal or informal. The second is building financial mechanisms that are more diversified and less reliant on a single donor. As a result, the ecohealth system provides an opportunity for foundations to empower communities, build cross‐cutting cooperation, and gain knowledge through projects. If people's environmental behaviour is to change and be sustained in the long term to produce desired health outcomes, this will require all members of society to be capable of functioning within the existing institutional infrastructure. This means that not only do formal institutions need to become more accessible but also that concepts relating to local informal institutions must be incorporated into ecohealth projects. It is imperative that we identify and understand relevant local institutions and how they can be transformed so that new environmental forms of behaviour can be sustained and result in positive health outcomes. The intersection of environmental and health concerns provides an ideal area in which the gap between government and civil society can be bridged — not only providing solutions to ecohealth concerns, but building government capacity in general and making these positive changes sustainable in the long term. This article is a case study, based on several United Nations Foundation grants. It outlines the significance of traditional community organizations, the breadth of their long‐term relations with communities, their resources, and the adoption of sustained forms of behaviour. In addition, the article highlights the role that international foundations can play in creating innovative financing mechanisms through community‐based foundations.     

南京夏季大气臭氧光化学特征与敏感性分析

对流层臭氧（O₃）主要由氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOCs）经过一系列光化学反应生成,反应过程呈现复杂的非线性关系.为深入了解O₃的光化学特征及生成机制,利用2018年夏季大气O₃与VOCs的观测数据,结合大气零维框架模拟模型F0AM-MCM,研究O₃超标日和非O₃超标日的O₃光化学特征之间的差异性.观测结果表明,O₃超标日期间φ（O₃）和φ（TVOCs）的平均值分别为47.8×10^-9和49.0×10^-9,为非O₃超标日期间O₃（26×10^-9）和TVOCs（30×10^-9）体积分数的1.8倍和1.6倍.使用F0AM模型,借助EKMA曲线和RIR分析等识别O₃敏感性,发现南京市O₃超标日和非O₃超标日O₃的形成均主要受VOCs和NO_x的协同控制.F0AM-MCM模拟结果表明,在O₃超标日,·OH和HO₂的日平均混合比分别是非O₃超标日的1.3倍和1.8倍,表明O₃超标日期间具有更强的大气氧化能力,且·OH和HO₂的形成和损失速率也有明显的增加,表明自由基循环的增强.此外,O₃超标日的O₃生成速率明显高于非O₃超标日,从而导致了O₃超标日的O₃净生成速率明显高于非O₃超标日.以上发现提高了对南京夏季O₃超标日大气O₃光化学特征的认识.