GIS在环境保护中的应用现状与发展

结合国内外地理信息系统(GIS)在环境保护研究工作中的介入情况，阐述了GIS在环境保护领域的应用现状，并探讨了GIS在此领域应用的未来发展趋势。     

Incorporating Collateral Data in Conservation Biology

Abstract:  Conservation biologists often need to set ecological modeling assumptions or estimate parameters from sparse data. In some cases this problem can be addressed by incorporating data from closely related species or from the same species at different sites (i.e., collateral data). Currently no structured methods exist for incorporating such information. An analogous problem in Actuarial science is to set premium rates in situations with little direct data on claim frequency or size. The rates are estimated using actuarial credibility theory, which incorporates collateral data with the direct data. actuarial credibility theory combined with the actuarial control cycle financial management process also provides an adaptive mechanism for updating assumptions. This theory may have some utility for ecologists wanting to incorporate collateral data in an adaptive management framework, a companion to approaches such as Bayesian updating. We describe the historical development of actuarial credibility theory from early ad hoc methods to empirical Bayes approaches. We explore some of the theory's strengths, such as relative simple formulae for incorporation collateral data, and we explore some of the theory's weaknesses, such as the use of the best linear approximation to the Bayes estimate. We illustrate potential applications of the theory using an example on the mortality rate of the Powerful Owl (  Ninox strenua ).     

Paying for information: partial loads in central place foragers

Information about food sources can be crucial to the success of a foraging animal. We predict that this will influence foraging decisions by group-living foragers, which may sacrifice short-term foraging efficiency to collect information more frequently. This result emerges from a model of a central-place forager that can potentially receive information on newly available superior food sources at the central place. Such foragers are expected to return early from food sources, even with just partial loads, if information about the presence of sufficiently valuable food sources is likely to become available. Returning with an incomplete load implies that the forager is at that point not achieving the maximum possible food delivery rate. However, such partial loading can be more than compensated for by an earlier exploitation of a superior food source. Our model does not assume cooperative foraging and could thus be used to investigate this effect for any social central-place forager. We illustrate the approach using numerical calculations for honeybees and leafcutter ants, which do forage cooperatively. For these examples, however, our results indicate that reducing load confers minimal benefits in terms of receiving information. Moreover, the hypothesis that foragers reduce load to give information more quickly (rather than to receive it) fits empirical data from social insects better. Thus, we can conclude that in these two cases of social-insect foraging, efficient distribution of information by successful foragers may be more important than efficient collection of information by unsuccessful ones.     

Green payments and dual policy goals

We use a mechanism design framework to analyze the optimal design of green payment policies with the dual goals of conservation and income support for small farms. Each farm is characterized by two dimensions of attributes: farms size and conservation efficiency. The policymaker may not be able to use the attributes as an explicit criterion for payments. We characterize optimal policy when conservation efficiency is unobservable to policymakers, and when farm size is also unobservable. An income support goal is shown to reduce the conservation distortion caused by asymmetric information. The cost of optimal green payment mechanisms is shown to depend crucially on whether large or small farms have greater conservation efficiency.     

关于区县级环境监测信息管理系统建设的探讨

结合软件开发的实际体会 ,对计算机技术在环境监测信息管理工作中的应用作了探索 ,并阐述了建立监测信息管理系统的意义、思路、实践及展望。     

滇池流域水资源调控仿真框架研究

以滇池流域为例，介绍一种利用概化网络进行水资源调控仿真与预测的思路与方法，为流域水资源的宏观调控与管理规划提供决策支持。     

锻造企业信息管理系统的构成及开发

分析锻造企业生产的信息流和物流的规律,建立了相应的数据库,并介绍了锻造企业计算机信息管理MIS系统的开发步骤、原则、功能及主要特色。     

GIS在城市垃圾收运规划研究中的应用

根据国内外对垃圾收运规划的研究现状，叙述了应用GIS于垃圾收运规划，将GIS与收运模型有机结合是实现对城市垃圾收运系统进行信息管理的基础和关键。介绍GIS在垃圾收运规划研究中的应用，最后以分类收运系统规划为例说明应用GIS进行研究的基础性意义。     

The free energy and information embodied in the amino acid chains of organisms

It is generally accepted as a useful and workable hypothesis that when an ecosystem receives an inflow of exergy (energy that can do work) it will utilize this flow of exergy to move as far away from thermodynamic equilibrium as possible after the exergy (energy) for maintenance has been covered. If more combinations of system components including organisms are offered, the combination of components and processes that will bring the system most away from thermodynamic equilibrium will win.The amino acid sequences of the proteins e.g. enzymes determine and control the life processes of the organisms and may be viewed as information sensu lato. The free energy of oxidation of the amino acids and the peptide bonds of the cell enzymes expresses therefore the exergy content, eco-exergy or work capacity that the information contributes to “moving further away from thermodynamic equilibrium”. In this paper eco-exergy is calculated and plotted versus the β-values (a measure of the information contained in the genome) for different organisms. The eco-exergy density was previously (see [J?rgensen et al., 1995] and [J?rgensen et al., 2005]) proposed to be calculated as the summation of the product of the β-values representing the information of the genome multiplied by the concentrations of the respective ecosystem components. This analysis shows a strong correlation between the β-values and free energy released when oxidizing the enzymes. The β-values can therefore be assumed to represent the free energy that the organisms have invested in genetic information.     

中国重大自然灾害监测与评估信息系统的建设与应用

中国在１９９１～１９９５年期间，应用遥感（ＲＳ）和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术建立了重大自然灾害监测与评估信息系统，它包括洪水、林火、干旱、雪灾、地震、沙漠化和松毛虫灾害等七种自然灾害。整个研究和应用工作主要包括下述几部分：·建立灾害历史数据库和灾害背景数据库；·研究重大自然灾害的区划和危害程度分区；·建立单灾种的监测与评估系统（在微机或工作站系统上）；·对突然发生的自然灾害（如洪水、林火、地震等）建立应急反应系统；·应用这些技术和系统对１９９１年以来发生的洪水、干旱、林火等进行监测与评估，为主管部门防灾救灾提供辅助决策依据。本文是在集体研究成果的基础上加以概括，并提出一些个人的看法。