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71.
Institutional reform in the Andean irrigation sector: Enabling policies for strengthening local rights and water management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For centuries, local and indigenous water rights and rules in the Andean region have been largely neglected and discriminated against. The process of undermining local communities’ water access and control rights continues up to today and not only is it headed by powerful local, national and international water‐use actors encroaching local rights — it is also a direct consequence of vertical State law and intervention practices, and the latest privatization policies. Recognition of and security for the diverse and dynamic local rights and management frameworks is crucial for improving rural livelihoods and even national food security in Andean countries. At the request of the Government of Ecuador — in which at that time the indigenous movement had its political participation — a research mission was organized to formulate a proposal for institutional reform, aiming at the strengthening of the national irrigation sector. In this article, some basic mission results are outlined and analyzed within the scope of four concepts (institutional viability, political democracy, equity, and water rights security), and practical elements for institutional reform are suggested, not only for the Ecuadorian irrigation sector but also other settings. The complementary roles of central Government, local governments and water user organizations in water resources management are emphasized as is the need to strengthen enabling legal and policy frameworks. The importance of translating constitutional recognition of local and indigenous rights and common property systems into practical procedures and institutional structures is also stressed. 相似文献
72.
Issues,impacts, and implications of shrimp aquaculture in Thailand 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Water quality impacts to and from intensive shrimp aquaculture in Thailand are substantial. Besides the surface and subsurface salinization of freshwaters, loadings of solids, oxygen-consuming organic matter, and nutrients to receiving waters are considerable when the cumulative impacts from water exchange during the growout cycle, pond drainage during harvesting, and illegal pond sediment disposal are taken into account. Although just beginning to be considered in Thailand, partial recirculating and integrated intensive farming systems are producing promising, if somewhat limited, results. By providing on-site treatment of the effluent from the shrimp growout ponds, there is less reliance on using outside water supplies, believed to be the source of the contamination.The explosion in the number of intensively operated shrimp farms has not only impacted the coastal zone of Thailand, but has also resulted in an unsustainable aquaculture industry. Abandonment of shrimp ponds due to either drastic, disease-caused collapses or more grandual, year-to-year reductions in the productivity of the pond is common. To move Thailand towards a more sustainable aquaculture industry and coastal zone environment, integrated aquaculture management is needed. Components of integrated aquaculture management are technical and institutional. The technical components involve deployment of wastewater treatment and minimal water-use systems aimed at making aquaculture operations more hydraulically closed. Before this is possible, technical and economic feasibility studies on enhanced nitrification systems and organic solids removal by oxidation between production cycles and/or the utilization of plastic pond liners need to be conducted. The integration of semi-intensive aquaculture within mangrove areas also should be investigated since mangrove losses attributable to shrimp aquaculture are estimated to be between 16 and 32% of the total mangrove area destroyed betweeen 1979 and 1993.Government policy needs to devote as much attention to sustainability issues as it has on promoting intensive pond culture. Such a balanced policy would include training and education monitoring and enforcement, rehabilitating abandoned ponds, managing land use within the coastal zone, more community involvement, and government reorganization to eliminate overlapping jurisdictions among agencies.As integrated aquaculture management becomes more the practice than the exception, less risk of crop failure to the industry and reduced discharge loadings from intensively managed shrimp ponds to receiving waters can be expected. Projected limitations on growing and marketing shrimp in the future, such as scarcity of land and broodstock, continued disease outbreaks, negative publicity, regulatory enforcement, water treatment and solids disposal costs, and increased competition from growers in other Asian countries will also drive the government and the industry towards adopting integrated aquaculture management.The data for this paper was obtained while the senior author was a Visiting Fulbright Researcher at the Coastal Resources Institute (CORIN), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand. 相似文献
73.
Richard M. Wheeler Leo M. Eisel Gerald D. Seinwill 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(2):326-335
ABSTRACT: The Federal Government's interest and involvement in water resource development in discussed in the context of project financing and cost sharing. After drawing a clear distinction between the two issues - who puts up the money, and who repays over time - the authors survey a number of Federal acts from which have evolved nearly 200 separate cost-sharing rules. Selected cost sharing and financing issues discussed include consistency in policies, rehabilitation of urban water supply systems, multipurpose water quality projects, and ground water management. Two proposals for cost/finance sharing reform introduced in the 96th Congress are discussed in detail and their impacts compared with current policy. The joint venture approach (Administration proposal) results in an effective composite cost share which changes significantly but not drastically (from 19 to 35 percent non-Federal share for a hypothetical project). The block grant approach (Domenici-Moynihan proposal) would alter the regional distribution of Federal water developement funding from the South and West to the Northwest and North Central States. 相似文献
74.
Jesse S. Ayivor Chris Gordon Graham A. Tobin Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2020,22(2):239-255
ABSTRACTProtected areas are widely recognized as an important strategy for biodiversity conservation. Most of the sites are, however, poorly managed as resource exploitation by fringe communities and low government funding, among other things, threaten their management effectiveness. We used the World Commission on Protected Areas framework for designing management effectiveness evaluation systems, with the Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management (RAPPAM) methodology as a tool, to evaluate six components of the management cycle at six sites in Ghana for their management effectiveness. We examined the robustness of RAPPAM as an evaluation tool in the African context. The results showed that most of the sites evaluated are vulnerable and exposed to various degrees of pressure and threats, including poverty in the nearby communities, adjacent land-use and encroachment. On RAPPAM, we noted that apart from inconsistencies in some of the assessment scores due to the biases associated with the self-assessment approach of the methodology, the management effectiveness framework places little emphasis on financing and community participation, though both play major roles in the management process. We proposed a modification of the framework within the African context, to address effectively the underlying courses of pressure and threats facing Ghana’s protected areas. 相似文献
75.
Jackie Sellers R. M. North 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(6):1677-1690
ABSTRACT: This article offers a procedure for identifying the primary effects of financing and cost sharing rates on four basic levels: program, technical, incidence, and comprehensive impacts. A process is developed for identifying these effects based upon two alternative approaches. One method would follow the effects of rate changes through the four levels of impact, another would look in depth at the consequences of rate changes on a particular impact. For this study the information and suggested changes found in the Section 80(c) Study were used to illustrate possible impacts. The process suggested herein could be used in anticipating impacts of any major policy change. 相似文献
76.
Financing of wasteland afforestation in India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
India has vast tracts of wastelands, which have been lying barren for ages. Most such lands are physically suitable for growing trees and thus could be put to socially productive uses. However, although usually economically viable, afforestation requires massive initial investment, generally beyond the means of the landowners. Also, government budgetary allocations do not cover current needs. In this situation, institutional credit is required. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) of India has recognized this need and has devised a number of different schemes to provide refinance facilities to individuals and organisations. Although the number of forestry schemes refinanced by NABARD has increased rapidly in the past, they currently constitute only about 1% of the total number of loans sanctioned, and only about 2% of NABARD's cumulative loan disbursement to date. In fact, since 1992, the share of afforestation schemes has declined. A number of factors have been identified as major constraints, including time-consuming and complicated procedures for accessing land; restrictions on harvesting and selling trees; delays in sanctioning and disbursement of bank credit; non-remunerative prices for tree products; and flawed public policies and programmes. This article argues that unless these constraints are overcome, NABARD will not be able to play an effective role in speeding up development programmes in the forestry sector. It further argues that most of the current constraints on institutional credit for wasteland afforestation can be removed or relaxed. Practical strategies are suggested to mobilize more funds and channel more institutional credit for wasteland afforestation in India. 相似文献
77.
Government policy and environmental protection in the developing world: The example of Nigeria 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Boyowa A. Chokor 《Environmental management》1993,17(1):15-30
Environmental protection is a topical and controversial issue of contemporary Third World development. As a result of the
growing crisis of environment and development as well as issues of global environmental balance, divergent views and proposals
have been put forward by external governments, international agencies, and environmental groups in resolving the environmental
degradation problems of the developing world. However, very little appraisal has been made of the efforts by indigenous Third
World governments in facing up to their environmental conservation issues. This article examines the role of past and recent
government environmental control policies and programs in Nigeria. The article analyzes three aspects of environmental protection:
(1) the theoretical economic bases of environmental protection and the Nigerian approach to environmental protection, including
traditional values and modern institutional control measures, the latter embracing nature conservation efforts; (2) environmental
considerations in national development plans; and (3) the evolution of a federal environmental protection agency and a national
policy on environment. Finally, the article discusses the future challenges and directions for environmental policy. 相似文献
78.
Locally designed, institutional frameworks are being used to develop and implement remedial action plans (RAPs) to restore
beneficial uses in 43 Great Lakes areas of concern. A 1993 Canada-United States roundtable was convened to learn from case
studies and to develop recommendations regarding essential characteristics of RAP institutional frameworks, guidance to ensure
linkages to other related plans, and ways of embracing new institutional frameworks from RAP development to implementation.
Major roundtable recommendations are: (1) RAP institutional frameworks should be empowered to pursue their mission of restoring
uses. Empowerment would be demonstrated by: a watershed focus, inclusive and shared decision-making, clear responsibilities
and sufficient authority, creative funding capability, flexibility and continuity in the process, an iterative process of
continuous improvement, and commitment to education and outreach. (2) RAP institutional frameworks should be used as mechanisms
to coordinate programs at the local level. Such local coordination should be complemented with governmental commitments to
intra- and interagency coordination in work plans. (3) RAP institutional frameworks can help build the capacity of governments
to achieve their goals. Therefore, governments must adopt long-term, visionary goals and commit to a customer-driven RAP process
of continuous improvement. 相似文献
79.
80.