中国铝生命周期能耗与碳排放的情景分析及减排对策

铝工业是高能耗高排放工业,探索铝工业的节能减排路径有助于我国实现《巴黎协定》中的温室气体减排承诺.采用物质流分析和生命周期评价方法,基于存量水平、技术水平和能源结构设置了15种情景,研究了我国铝工业1990～2100年的能耗和碳排放量,探索不同路径下的节能减排潜力.我国铝在用存量将在2040～2050年达到峰值(4.6...     

基于蒙特卡洛模拟的多米诺事故风险量化管理*

为降低危化品相关的化工事故造成的人员伤亡和财产损失,以化工多米诺事故为研究对象,探讨由初始事故引发1个或多个次生事故的连锁反应机理与风险评估方法。提出应用蒙特卡洛模拟对多米诺事故风险进行动态量化的方法,梳理化工多米诺事故风险的识别、分析、评定、处理全周期管理流程,并以1个天然气压气站为案例,验证基于蒙卡模拟的化工多米诺事故风险量化方法的有效性。结果表明:该方法可以更准确地对化工多米诺事故风险进行定量评估。多米诺事故风险全周期管理流程的梳理能够有效指导化工企业开展安全管理、事故预防等工作。     

Sulfur cycle as an electron mediator between carbon and nitrate in a constructed wetland microcosm

• Fe(III) accepted the most electrons from organics, followed by NO₃^‒, SO₄^2‒, and O₂. • The electrons accepted by SO₄^2‒ could be stored in the solid AVS, FeS₂-S, and S⁰. • The autotrophic denitrification driven by solid S had two-phase characteristics. • A conceptual model involving electron acceptance, storage, and donation was built. • S cycle transferred electrons between organics and NO₃^‒ with an efficiency of 15%. A constructed wetland microcosm was employed to investigate the sulfur cycle-mediated electron transfer between carbon and nitrate. Sulfate accepted electrons from organics at the average rate of 0.84 mol/(m³·d) through sulfate reduction, which accounted for 20.0% of the electron input rate. The remainder of the electrons derived from organics were accepted by dissolved oxygen (2.6%), nitrate (26.8%), and iron(III) (39.9%). The sulfide produced from sulfate reduction was transformed into acid-volatile sulfide, pyrite, and elemental sulfur, which were deposited in the substratum, storing electrons in the microcosm at the average rate of 0.52 mol/(m³·d). In the presence of nitrate, the acid-volatile and elemental sulfur were oxidized to sulfate, donating electrons at the average rate of 0.14 mol/(m³·d) and driving autotrophic denitrification at the average rate of 0.30 g N/(m³·d). The overall electron transfer efficiency of the sulfur cycle for autotrophic denitrification was 15.3%. A mass balance assessment indicated that approximately 50% of the input sulfur was discharged from the microcosm, and the remainder was removed through deposition (49%) and plant uptake (1%). Dominant sulfate-reducing (i.e., Desulfovirga, Desulforhopalus, Desulfatitalea, and Desulfatirhabdium) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., Thiohalobacter, Thiobacillus, Sulfuritalea, and Sulfurisoma), which jointly fulfilled a sustainable sulfur cycle, were identified. These results improved understanding of electron transfers among carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in constructed wetlands, and are of engineering significance.     

Temperature Effect on Migration of Zn and Cd Through Natural Clay

To investigate the effect of temperature on effective diffusion coefficients and retardation factors for Zn and Cd, combined diffusion and sequential extraction analyses were conducted at 15 ^˚C and 55 ^˚C. The effective diffusion coefficients of the metals increased up to ten times according to the increased temperature. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on the retardation factor depended on the retention mechanisms of the metals. The distribution coefficient for Zn, which was mainly partitioned in the carbonate phase, increased up to two times with the increase in temperature. On the other hand, the distribution coefficient for Cd, which was mainly partitioned in the exchangeable phase, was hardly affected by the temperature change. Results of combined diffusion and sequential extraction analysis showed that the effect of temperature on the heavy metals’ (Zn and Cd) migration through the compacted natural clay was influenced by the combined effects of the diffusion coefficient and the retardation factor. Additionally, we could also observe the change in retention mechanism for the metals with the change in pore water concentration.     

兽药抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展

抗生素是环境中普遍存在的污染物,畜牧水产养殖是其主要来源之一.环境中可能同时存在多种抗生素残留,因此单一药物的毒性评价难以反映抗生素对生态环境的影响,应探究其混合物的毒性效应.本文在总结大量文献的基础上,介绍了兽用抗生素的残留现状,总结了兽用抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展,讨论了兽用抗生素残留对土壤生物和水生生物的...     

防空导弹的综合环境可靠性试验剖面研究

为有效地进行防空导弹综合环境可靠性试验,根据试验剖面的模拟真实性、应力适当性和试验可操作性的要求,确定以防空导弹随战车值勤和空中飞行为主要试验阶段。主要研究了地面和空中2种试验环境中温度应力、湿度、振动应力和电应力等环境参数的确定,并给出了相应的原则或计算公式。最后讨论了如何确定试验时间的问题,并绘出了综合环境可靠性试验剖面图。     

太阳热反射涂料的研制

根据涂料反射太阳热的原理,以丙烯酸树脂为基料,以金红石型钛白粉、云母粉及空心玻璃微珠为原料,制备了隔热性能和耐候性能均良好的太阳热反射隔热涂料,并研究了颜料、填料种类、粒径、涂层厚度对涂料隔热性能的影响。     

卫星光学反射膜光谱反射率空间综合环境退化研究

对玻璃基底和金属基底的铝反射膜在紫外、低能电子、低能质子的综合环境作用下的光谱反射率退化进行了实验研究。试验结果表明两种铝反射膜的光谱反射率均发生了退化,且光谱反射率的退化主要集中在可见光波段,在近红外波段退化很小;玻璃基底铝反射膜退化在420 nm左右出现峰值点,2种金属基底铝反射膜的退化的峰值点在450 nm左右。由于电荷沉积在玻璃中后会抑制带电粒子入射,因此玻璃基底铝反射膜的退化要小于金属基底铝反射膜。     

LB复合膜选择性检测水中痕量镉离子的方法研究

开发了一种利用LB复合膜选择性地检测水中痕量镉离子的技术方法,研究了最佳LB复合膜检测器的制作条件.用表面活性剂十二烷基-(2-噻唑偶氮)间苯二酚(DTAR)作显色剂,对乙烯基硬脂酸盐(PVS)、十八烷基异丁烯酸盐(PMOA)、乙烯基-N-氨基甲酸十八烷基酯(PVOC)和顺丁烯二酸酐-1-十八烯(PMO)4种聚合物进行了强度实验,得出稳定的检测器结构,即偶数层DTAR上附着单层PVOC的LB复合膜.经过灵敏度实验,制作出最佳LB复合膜检测器DTAR6-PVOC1,在pH为7.5,温度40℃且搅拌的反应条件下,该检测器可以在10 min之内检出10-7mol/L镉,并可目视定性及半定量检测出水中痕量镉离子.水中可能共存的离子中只有CU2+和Zn2+会干扰镉离子的检测,需要抑制.      

Integrated Risk Framework for Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are becoming increasingly important for the treatment and dispersal of effluent in new urbanised developments that are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, the current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for OWTS are increasingly coming under scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable onsite wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment are required. This paper highlights an integrated risk based approach for assessing the inherent hazards associated with OWTS in order to manage and mitigate the environmental and public health risks inherent with onsite wastewater treatment. In developing a sound and cohesive integrated risk framework for OWTS, several key issues must be recognised. These include the inclusion of relevant stakeholders throughout framework development, the integration of scientific knowledge, data and analysis with risk assessment and management ideals, and identification of the appropriate performance goals for successful management and mitigation of associated risks. These issues were addressed in the development of the risk framework to provide a generic approach to assessing risk from OWTS. The utilisation of the developed risk framework for achieving more appropriate assessment and management techniques for OWTS is presented in a case study for the Gold Coast region, Queensland State, Australia.