组配改良剂对污染稻田中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn钝化效果持续性比较

为研究组配改良剂碳酸钙+海泡石(LS)对稻田土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn钝化效果的持久性,通过一次性施用0、2、4、8 g·kg-1的LS,并分别于2012年(第一季)、2013年(第二季)和2014年(第三季)连续种植水稻,在湘南某矿区附近污染稻田进行了一个3 a的大田修复试验.结果表明:1LS能显著提高三季土壤p H值,且LS对土壤p H值提高效果为:第一季第二季第三季.2LS能显著降低三季水稻土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn的交换态含量,且第三季水稻土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn的交换态含量分别降低32.6%~97.7%、8.3%~71.4%和10.9%~83.5%,但对降低三季土壤中Cu的交换态含量无显著影响;LS降低三季土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn交换态含量的效果均为:PbZnCdCu.3LS使第三季水稻糙米中Pb和Cd含量分别降低26.7%~66.7%、59.1%~80.3%,这种降低效果均随着改良剂LS添加量的增加而增大,但对糙米中Cu和Zn含量无明显影响.LS降低糙米中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量的效果为:第一季,PbCdCuZn;第二季,PbCdCuZn;第三季,CdPbZnCu.LS降低三季水稻糙米中重金属含量的整体效果为PbCdCuZn.4随着时间的延长,LS对土壤中Pb和Cd具有更稳定的钝化效果.因此,LS对治理Pb和Cd污染的土壤具有良好的持久性.     

基于ABR-MBR组合工艺不同进水C/N比对反硝化除磷性能的影响机制

基于厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)微生物相分离及膜生物反应器(MBR)高效截留的特性,通过加设硝化液回流与污泥回流实现了ABR-MBR一体化反应器的循环联动,对连续流条件下调控进水COD浓度及COD/TN比条件下的反硝化除磷影响机制展开了研究.结果表明在5个不同进水C/N比下,ABR-MBR组合工艺最终出水溶解性PO_3-4-P平均浓度分别为0.22、0.34、0.39、0.42和2.45 mg·L~(-1),低C/N比可获得更好的除磷效果,而C/N为4.8~6.0时,工艺对COD、TN和溶解性PO_3-4-P去除率分别在87%、76%和93%以上.此外,在C/N为3.6~6.0时,ABR缺氧吸磷量与工艺对TN去除量呈良好的线性关系,提高进水C/N比有助于系统对TN的去除.最终获得进水C/N比为6时最有利于氮和磷的同步去除.     

基于实际飞行数据的首都机场飞机发动机日排放清单估算方法研究

根据航班实际飞行数据估算机场飞机主发动机排放量,可以提升机场排放清单编制的准确度.基于北京首都机场某日运行数据和国内1326架次航班的机载飞行数据(QAR数据),研究了基于飞行数据的机场飞机主发动机排放清单制定方法.采用一阶近似3.0(FOA3.0)方法补充国际民航组织发动机排放数据库颗粒物基准排放指数,结合QAR数据,应用波音燃油流量法2(BFFM2)估算了实际飞行条件下污染物排放指数,编制了首都机场该日飞机主发动机排放清单,分析了首都机场航班排放特征.在此基础上,探讨了结合实际数据本地化的着陆和起飞循环,以期为机场飞机主发动机排放量的快速准确核算提供新的思路.结果发现,该日航班主发动机HC、CO、NO_x和PM_(2.5)排放量分别为933.9、10967.8、14703.5和85.5 kg,较标准LTO循环估算结果的偏差分别为15.6%、13.2%、-29.1%和-18.9%.NO_x排放主要集中在起飞和爬升阶段,占其排放总量的68.0%;HC和CO排放主要集中在滑行和慢车阶段,分别占其排放总量的90.0%和88.0%;PM_(2.5)在各飞行阶段的排放较为平均.对于单位LTO循环,航班滑行过程中平均排队等候(地速为零)时间为7.7 min,产生的HC、CO、NO_x和PM_(2.5)分别占总滑行阶段对应污染物排放量的26.3%、27.5%、25.7%和27.5%,这一部分排放量有望通过场面运行优化进一步控制.     

基于累积Logistic模型的交通事故严重程度时空分析

交通事故的发生具有随机性和偶然性,为尽可能地降低交通事故的伤害程度,根据某高速公路典型事故多发段的交通事故统计资料,以交通事故严重程度为因变量,从时间、道路空间结构和交通运行环境等因素中初步选择12个候选自变量,采用混合逐步选择法分析候选自变量与因变量是否显著相关。采用累积Logistic模型建立交通事故严重程度时空分析模型,并从成比例检验、拟合优度检验和预测准确度检验3个方面对模型进行检验。研究结果表明:事故发生时段、季节因素、发生地点、道路线形、坡度、事故涉及车辆数和日标准交通量与年平均日交通量之比与交通事故严重程度显著相关。     

Material, energy and environmental performance of technological and social systems under a Life Cycle Assessment perspective

Selected energy and material resource conversion systems are compared in this paper under an extended LCA point of view. A multi-method multi-scale assessment procedure is applied in order to generate consistent performance indicators based on the same set of input data, to ascertain the existence of constraints or crucial steps characterized by low conversion efficiency and to provide the basis for improvement patterns. Optimizing the performance of a given process requires that many different aspects are taken into account. Some of them, mostly of technical nature, relate to the local scale at which the process occurs. Other technological, economic and environmental aspects are likely to affect the dynamics of the larger space and time scales in which the process is embedded. These spatial and time scale effects require that a careful evaluation of the relation between the process and its surroundings is performed, so that hidden consequences and possible sources of inefficiency and impact are clearly identified. In this paper we analyse and compare selected electricity conversion systems, alternative fuels and biofuels, waste management strategies and finally the time evolution of an urban system, in order to show the importance of a multiple perspective point of view for the proper evaluation of a system's environmental and resource use performance.     

Dissecting the drivers of population cycles: Interactions between parasites and mountain hare demography

There is a growing awareness that cyclic population dynamics in vertebrate species are driven by a complex set of interactions rather than a single causal factor. While theory suggests that direct host-parasite interactions may destabilise population dynamics, the interaction between host and parasite may also influence population dynamics through indirect effects that result in delayed responses to either density or to life-history traits. Using empirical data on mountain hares (Lepus timidus) infected with a nematode parasite (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis), we developed an individual-based model (IBM) that incorporated direct effects and delayed life-history effects (DLHEs) of a macroparasite, alternative transmission mechanisms and seasonality in host population dynamics. The full model describes mean characteristics of observed mountain hare time series and parasite abundance, but by systematically removing model structure we dissect out dynamic influences of DLHEs. The DLHEs were weakly destabilising, increasing the propensity for cyclic dynamics and suggesting DLHEs could be important processes in host-parasite systems. Further, by modifying model structure we identify a strong influence of parasite transmission mechanism on host population stability, and discuss the implications for parasite aggregation mechanisms, host movement and natural geographical variation in host population dynamics. The effect of T. retortaeformis on mountain hares likely forms part of a complex set of interactions that lead to population cycles.     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

宜昌市机动车行驶工况研究

利用GPS车载测试系统对宜昌市轻型客车、轻型卡车、重型卡车和公交车等车型机动车行驶工况分别进行测试。基于测试结果,采用特征参数法合成了宜昌市机动车分车型行驶工况,分析了其特征并与欧美标准工况和5个不同规模城市的机动车行驶工况进行了对比。结果表明：宜昌市机动车行驶平均速度高于ECE15工况,低于FTP-75工况;怠速比例...     

模拟酸雨与重金属复合胁迫对绞股蓝生长及根际微生物的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨与Zn(30和400 mg.kg-1)、Cd(1和15 mg.kg-1)单独或复合胁迫对绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum)药用成分——总皂甙含量以及根际土壤微生物数量和组成的影响。结果表明:不同pH值的模拟酸雨均能抑制细菌、放线菌、氮素生理类群的生长,其数量随酸雨pH值的降低而不断减少;真菌、纤维素分解菌数量随酸雨pH值的降低呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量随酸雨pH值的降低而降低。酸雨影响下,单施低浓度的Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)时,根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝总皂甙含量均高于无重金属处理;但当Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)处于高浓度时,它们又明显低于无重金属处理。酸雨影响下,Zn(30 mg.kg-1)或Cd(1 mg.kg-1)为低浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根际3大类群微生物、氮素生理类群、纤维素分解菌、绞股蓝茎叶总皂甙含量影响表现为拮抗效应;Zn(400 mg.kg-1)或Cd(15 mg.kg-1)为高浓度水平时,Zn-Cd复合污染对根...     

日本虎斑猛水蚤的重金属急性毒性及其作为标准测试生物的潜在意义

以静态实验法研究重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn单独以及两两联合对日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)的急性毒性效应,并分析其是否适宜作为我国海水重金属毒性测试的标准生物.结果显示,单独作用下,cu、Cd、Pb和Zn对受试生物的24 hLC50分别为0.26、0.14、0.40和0.65 mg·L-1,...