生态工业技术的概念、特征及比较研究

基于工业生态学理论提出了生态工业技术的定义,即生态工业技术是指按照工业生态学和系统科学原理,把2个或多个生产过程或生产单元链接起来,形成结构和功能协调、资源和能源效率高、环境污染排放少、经济产出高效的工业共生体和复合型生态产业链网的方法和手段.在此基础上,从链接(或关联)性、资源效率、环境效应及经济效果等方面对生态工业技术的内涵和特征进行了剖析,比较分析了生态工业技术与传统工业技术之间在理论建构基础、创新目标、产业结构、资源代谢、环境绩效等方面的差异性.最后,选取"高炉渣生产水泥"典型生态工业技术进行了案例分析.      

An Overall Index of Environmental Quality in Coal Mining Areas and Energy Facilities

An approach to measuring environmental quality and trends in coal mining and industrial areas was attempted in this work. For this purpose, the establishment of a reference scale characterizing the status of environmental quality is proposed by developing an Environmental Quality Index (EQI). The methodology involves three main components: social research, the opinion of environmental experts, and the combination of new or existing indices. A survey of public opinion was carried out to identify the main environmental problems in the region of interest. Environmental experts carried out a survey, and the weights of specific environmental problems were obtained through a fuzzy Delphi method and pairwise comparison. The weight attributed to each environmental problem was computed, using new or existing indices (subindices) in the relevant literature. The EQI comprises a combination of the subindices with their own weights. The methodology was applied to a heavily industrialized coal basin in northwestern Macedonia, Greece. The results show that the new index may be used as a reliable tool for evaluating environmental quality in different areas. In addition, the study of EQI trends on an interannual basis can provide useful information on the efficiency of environmental policies already implemented by the responsible authorities.     

几种常用定量风险评价方法的比较

风险评价中的定量方法有很多,在我国应用广泛的有6种,对这6种方法进行全面分析并作出综合比较,为进一步深入研究和在实际工作中选择合理的评价方法提供了依据。     

Comparison of Chemical Concentrations in Mussels and Oysters from the United States and France

Results from two 'Mussel Watch'-type monitoring programs were compared: the Réseau National d'Observation de la qualité du milieu marin (RNO), the French monitoring network, and the Mussel Watch Project of the U.S. National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program. 80 RNO sites (47 for mussels and 33 for oysters) and 89 NS&T sites (45 for mussels and 44 for oysters) provided a basis for the comparison of median concentrations of commonly measured trace metals (mercury, lead, zinc, cadmium and copper) and organic chemicals. Lower lead and lindane concentrations in the U.S. were explained by their respective history of use. Differences in Zn and Cu, essential elements for both mussels and oysters, could be due to specific internal regulation processes. Higher cadmium concentrations in the U.S. are possibly related to U.S. coastal areas being richer in nutrients or to a lesser use of this element as a general anticorrosive in France. We could not find any plausible explanation for higher mercury concentrations in France. This first attempt of a comparison of national chemical monitoring programs raises the need for deeper understanding of possible contamination sources.     

Philopatry, male presence and grooming reciprocation among female primates: a comparative perspective

Competition for food and a safe location in a group are considered to be the main determinants of variation in social relationships among female primates. The effect of the presence of males is usually overlooked, however. Here we put forward two hypotheses connecting the (relative) number of males in a group, a statistic measuring the strength of positive relationships among females (the degree of reciprocity of grooming) and female residence. Under the first hypothesis, we assumed that philopatric females suffer especially from competition for males. Because females of these species are restrained to their native group and thus do not move to groups where better conditions (i.e. more males) prevail, a higher socionomic sex ratio would imply reduced competition and this should be reflected in better relationships among females (i.e. in a higher degree of reciprocation). The second hypothesis is based on the contention of Wrangham (1987) that groups with more males are better able to defend large food sources: in these groups female relationships would suffer less from within-group competition for food. We therefore also expected a positive correlation between the absolute number of males and grooming reciprocation. To test the hypotheses, matrices of grooming interactions were collected by going through the primatological literature. For ten female-resident and four female-transfer primate species, the degree of grooming reciprocation was quantified using a specially adapted matrix statistic. The results favoured the first (competition for males) hypothesis. The degree of grooming reciprocation among females was positively correlated with socionomic sex ratio, but neither with group size nor with the absolute number of males. Correlations between the degree of reciprocity and sex ratio were confirmed at three levels: within the same group at different points in time, between groups of the same species, and between species. In addition, the degree of reciprocation increased with sex ratio more strongly in typical single/variable male than in multi-male species. This we interpreted as a direct consequence of the lower social availability of males for females in multi-male groups than single-male groups. In turn, this effect may be due to males competing for females in multi-male groups. Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 9 November 1997     

跨域治理理论比较与启示

我国幅员辽阔,有关公共事务的治理问题层出不穷,尤其在跨行政区域的公共事务治理上有效的治理手段捉襟见肘,这对我国的公共管理提出了严峻挑战。从跨域治理理论的兴起与发展入手,在详细分析三种跨域治理经典理论的基础上,比较了各种跨域治理理论的特征,总结出跨域治理理论对我国在此类问题上的几点启示。     

基于比较视野下政府建筑安全监管问题分析与对策研究

建筑业作为国民经济的支柱产业,其重要地位和作用正日益凸显,然而由于建筑业的特殊性使施工过程的伤亡人数居高不下,重、特大事故时有发生,建筑行业成为继交通和煤矿之后事故死亡人数最多的行业,并且严重影响了建筑业劳动生产率和产品质量的提高,制约着和谐社会的构建和建筑业的稳定发展。基于建筑行业政府主管部门的角度,深入剖析了政府建筑安全监管在法律法规、监督力度及监管手段等方面所存在的问题,并通过比较美国、英国及香港地区的建筑安监督管理模式,总结了发达国家和地区建筑安全监管的先进经验,从完善法规标准、优化监管队伍、丰富监管方式等方面提出安全监管的应对措施,以减少建筑安全事故。     

国内外土壤种子库研究情况对比分析

摘要：土壤种子库是植被更新和生态恢复的自然来源。对生物多样性维护和植被的演替过程具有重要作用。通过查阅近年来国内外发表的关于土壤种子库的代表性文献,运用文献分析与管理软件EndnoteX3、Refviz和Excel数据处理软件对该领域的国内外研究情况进行了分析。同时,对国内外研究领域的扩展、土壤种子库的鉴别方法、土壤种子库的个体特征及群落结构的变化、土壤种子库的研究内容进行了系统对比,最后提出国内外对土壤种子库研究存在的问题,并就这些问题提出展望,为今后土壤种子库的研究工作提供了参考策略。     

不同实验方法对测定叶绿素a的结果分析对比相关关系探讨

2009年1—8月于滇池外海水体随机取样20组,监测叶绿素a项目,采用两种不同监测分析方法,对其监测结果,应用线性函数Y=a＋bx的形式,进行了一元线性回归相关关系（r）值的显著性检验,验证了两种监测方法之间的相关关系。     

WFGD与ACD脱硫工艺技术经济性比较

石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫工艺(WFGD)是目前国内外最为成熟并应用最广泛的烟气脱硫技术;活性焦干法脱硫技术(ACD)因其无二次污染、副产品利用价值高、应用范围广等诸多优点也符合我国基本国情。文章结合实例,从原理、技术和经济性能等方面对石灰石-石膏脱硫与与活性焦法脱硫工艺技术进行了分析比较,剖析了二者在技术及经济指标上的优劣,并针对我国电厂脱硫技术的应用提出建议。