Advances in research of airborne microbes in subway systems北大核心CSCD

Subway systems are indispensable for transportation in modern cities, with the air being easily polluted by microbes owing to the enclosed and crowded environment. The microbiological characteristics of subway aerosols have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide during recent years. This review aimed to evaluate the sampling and analyzing methods suitable for detecting airborne microbes in subway systems. Active air sampling methods and molecular biology techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics, and quantitative PCR demonstrated great potential in microbial analysis of aerosols because they can provide accurate and comprehensive information. Temporal and spatial distributions of airborne microbes, as well as the factors influencing their distribution characteristics, were also discussed by critically reviewing worldwide literature on subway microbiome studies. The concentration and composition of airborne bacteria and fungi in subway can vary dramatically with time and space. The critical factors determining microbial community structure and composition include temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, number of passengers, presence of platform screen door, ventilation systems, and so on. The review suggests that future studies on standardized sampling and analyzing protocols are required to obtain contamination levels of subway airborne microbes and to establish the relationship between microbial monitoring data and public health risks. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

矿物微尘对人体肠道大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的体外作用研究

研究了采集自居住环境的矿物微尘对人体肠道菌群主要代表性菌株大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和嗜酸乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus acidophilus)的体外作用.测定了矿物微尘对培养基pH值的影响,微尘与菌体共同作用后培养基pH值的变化,并用活菌计数法检测了矿物微尘对大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响.结果表明微尘对大肠杆菌的生长起抑制作用.培养基中矿物微尘质量分数达3%时即对大肠杆菌生长有显著抑制作用,微尘质量分数达20%时,大肠杆菌生长受到完全抑制.微尘质量分数在3%～20%这一较宽幅度内,大肠杆菌虽受抑制但能生长,说明大肠杆菌耐受矿物微尘影响的能力较强.矿物微尘对嗜酸乳杆菌生长影响复杂,培养基中矿物微尘质量分数低时起促进作用,质量分数较高时起抑制作用.微尘质量分数达5%时,嗜酸乳杆菌生长即受到完全抑制.嗜酸乳杆菌耐受矿物微尘影响的能力较弱,远小于大肠杆菌.结果还表明矿物微尘影响大肠杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌生长的主要因素是微尘本身的化学成分与物理性质,微尘的碱性因素对大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌有一定影响,但不是主要影响因素.     

人类活动对甘肃境内国家重点保护野生动物的影响

1999-2002年对甘肃境内的白水江、祁连山、安西自然保护区和河西地区影响国家重点保护野生动物的人类经济活动,从牧业、农业、林业和工业4个方面进行了调查;并且搜集整理了1999-2002年发表的相关论文和专著,对影响国家重点保护野生动物的人类经济活动按作用方式、人类活动的形式和对野生动物影响的结果3个方面进行了分类,从野生动物分布、栖息环境和种类变化3方面分析了人类经济活动对国家重点保护野生动物造成的影响.     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

受多氯代有机化合物污染土壤的植物修复初探

采用种植植物的方法,对受以HCB、pp'-DDT及γ-BHC为代表的PCOPs污染土壤的植物修复进行了初步研究.结果表明,种植黑麦草和大蒜都能不同程度降低土壤中PCOPs的含量,0～60 d时下降速率较快,60 d后下降速率减慢.植物修复能力的大小与植物种类、生育时期以及土壤受PCOPs的污染程度有关:黑麦草对受PCOPs污染土壤的修复能力略优于大蒜;在植物生育过程的前期和中期(0～60d),植物对PCOPs的吸收能力较强;对受较高浓度PCOPs污染的土壤,植物修复能力相对较强.土壤中的过氧化氢酶活性、pH值和有机质含量初步反映了土壤生物的变化情况,种植植物能促进土壤生物对PCOPs的吸收和利用.受污染土壤中减少的PCOPs有1.11%～10.25%被植物直接吸收,其它则可能是由于植物降解或种植植物后土壤环境的改变导致PCOPs被微生物降解.     

分子生物学在生物强化处理环境污染物中的应用

综述了分子生物学的相关技术在生物强化处理环境污染物中的应用，主要包括：通过分子生物技术育种、筛选、构建高效降解污染物微生物菌株；提供更科学、快捷、准确多样的环境监测和环境评价技术手段；探索微生物与环境污染物间的相互关系，及微生物降解污染物的有关基因定位，相关主要技术有：核酸探针检测、DNA-DNA杂交，rRNA和rRNA基因序列分析。质粒指纹图谱分析、聚合酶链式反应（PCR）、低分子量PNA分布图及由PCR技术发展而带动的基因多态性技术，如变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）、随机扩增多态性DNA技术（RAPD）等。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定海洋生物中As

主要研究微波消解技术作为海洋生物As分析的前处理手段.海洋生物样品经微波消解后,以硫脲-抗坏血酸溶液作为还原剂,使用原子荧光法测定海洋生物中As含量,测试结果准确,与传统的湿法消解相比,微波消解技术使海洋生物As 的分析变得简单、快速,同时避免了沾污,极大的提高了工作效率,微波消解将会成为海洋环境样品前处理的理想手段.     

污水处理厂臭气的生物滤床处理

恶臭作为世界七大环境公害之一,对人体健康和生态环境会造成严重危害。在污水的输送和处理过程中,以及对所产生的污泥进行处理的过程中,都会有臭味气体散发。如果不施行有效地控制,则对周围空气环境产生污染,影响污水处理厂的正常运行。这里仅对城市污水处理厂和居民生活小区恶臭处理工艺在国内应用现状及局限性进行了介绍和分析,尤其是选择生物滤床这种优化的土壤处理工艺,它利用土壤基质的过滤、吸附、吸收、物理和化学反应、生物降解等功能净化臭气,同时表面种植的植物亦有一定的净化功能,因此,具有经济、美观、管理方便、运行稳定、处理效果好等优点。     

金针菇菌柄非食用部分对镉的生物吸附

采用金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)除去其可食用部分后剩余的废弃部分菌粉作为生物吸附剂吸附Cd2 ,研究金针菇吸附Cd2 的理想条件.试验评价了5个影响因子:样品的不同处理方式,振荡吸附时间,溶液pH值,Cd2 初始浓度和菌粉投加量.结果表明,菌粉颗粒越细,吸附能力越强;振荡时间对吸附的影响不显著;pH值是影响金针菇吸附能力的关键因子,pH值为7时达到最大吸附率(63.1%);吸收60 min时,金针菇对Cd2 的吸附率最高(71.9%);随着溶液初始Cd2 浓度的增加,吸附率降低,但随菌粉生物量的增加,吸附能力上升;当溶液Cd2 的浓度为80 mg·L-1时,最大吸附量达到5.573mg·g-1.可以认为金针菇菌柄非食用部分是一种有效的生物吸附剂.