生物入侵预测模型研究进展

生物入侵随着全球化进程有进一步加剧的趋势,外来物种已经被视为对本地生物多样性和生态系统功能产生全球威胁的因素之一。生物入侵的影响巨大,开展预测工作以便在一开始就发现并阻止外来种侵入,为生物入侵提供最优化的监测和早期控制手段。为此,本文从环境的可侵入性和外来种的入侵性两个方面综述了目前生物入侵预测模型的研究进展,以便为外来种引入和管理提供依据。     

尖孢镰刀菌致病相关因子及其分子生物学研究进展

由致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)侵染引起的植物枯萎病是一种世界性的土传真菌病害,对农业生产造成了巨大经济损失.研究表明,尖孢镰刀菌的致病与多种致病因子相关,包括信号传导系统(环腺苷酸单磷酸-蛋白激酶A和促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶信号途径)、细胞壁降解酶(木聚糖酶、果胶酶、果胶裂解酶、细胞毒素、纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和木质素降解酶等)、克服植物防御响应系统(降解抗真菌化合物和破坏植物细胞壁的化学修饰)以及其它(细胞毒素和过氧化物酶)等.此外对今后的研究工作提出展望.参26     

Did ice-age bovids spread tuberculosis?

Pathognomonic metacarpal undermining is a skeletal pathology that has been associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bovids. Postcranial artiodactyl, perissodactyl, and carnivore skeletons were examined in major university and museum collections of North America and Europe for evidence of this and other pathology potentially attributable to tuberculosis. Among nonproboscidean mammals from pre-Holocene North America, bone lesions indicative of tuberculosis were restricted to immigrant bovids from Eurasia. No bone lesions compatible with diagnosis of tuberculosis were found in large samples of other pre-Holocene (164 Oligocene, 397 Miocene, and 1,041 Plio–Pleistocene) North American mammals, including 114 antilocaprids. Given the unchanged frequency of bovid tubercular disease during the Pleistocene, it appears that most did not die from the disease but actually reached an accommodation with it (as did the mastodon) (Rothschild and Laub 2006). Thus, they were sufficiently long-lived to assure greater spread of the disease. The relationships of the proboscidean examples need further study, but present evidence suggests a Holarctic spread of tuberculosis during the Pleistocene, with bovids acting as vectors. While the role of other animals in the transmission of tuberculosis could be considered, the unique accommodation achieved by bovids and mastodons makes them the likely “culprits” in its spread.     

Microhabitat selection in the simple oribatid community dwelling in epilithic moss cover (Acari: Oribatida)

The moss cover of a roof was studied as the model of a simple habitat divided into microhabitats by the members of a community of saprophagous mites. This community consisted of two species of oribatid mites: Scutovertex minutus and Trichoribates trimaculatus. They were extracted from moss onto moist paper, and subsequently, their mobility, responses to moisture fluctuation, and food selection were tested in laboratory experiments. For the nutritional biology, the microanatomy of their alimentary tract was examined according to the system of histological characteristics formulated in the laboratory of the author (type of food, digestive activity of gut walls, etc.). The paraplast sections of the mites were stained by Masson triple stain for these purposes. Moreover, the enzymological tests (chitinase and cellulase activities) were performed to detail the digestive processes. Such an approach was applied to field-sampled specimens as well as to those in the laboratory experiments. These above-mentioned data were discussed with respect to microhabitat selection, vertical and horizontal distribution, and dispersal ability of these two oribatid mites sharing this habitat. These two species differ in several characteristics from each other and these differences resulted in their different microhabitat choices and role in the habitat as a whole.     

复合生物湿地系统治理橡胶废水应用研究

复合生物湿地系统(导流生物氧化沟)在治理天然橡胶废水实际运用中,能使废水中的主要污染指标大大下降,SS、CODcr及BOD5去除率分别为86.86%、98.36%和98.83%.且对细菌、藻毒素、外源生物活性物质和环境激素类物质也有较好的去除效果.     

长白山区中国林蛙资源及其保护与增殖

中国林蛙主要产于我国的长白山区,具有较高的经济价值。本文根据近年来的生产实践和调查研究资料,着重介绍了吉林省长白山区的中国林蛙养殖生物学特征,提出了在该区的资源保护途径与增殖措施     

不同污染环境对生物的影响及生物的适应方式浅析

探讨了大气污染、水环境污染以及土壤污染环境对生物的影响及生物的适应方式,总结了污染防治及研究的几个热点。     

Complex effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on functional connectivity and inbreeding in a giant panda population

The relationships between habitat amount and fragmentation level and functional connectivity and inbreeding remain unclear. Thus, we used genetic algorithms to optimize the transformation of habitat area and fragmentation variables into resistance surfaces to predict genetic structure and examined habitat area and fragmentation effects on inbreeding through a moving window and spatial autoregressive modeling approach. We applied these approaches to a wild giant panda population. The amount of habitat and its level of fragmentation had nonlinear effects on functional connectivity (gene flow) and inbreeding. Functional connectivity was highest when approximately 80% of the surrounding landscape was habitat. Although the relationship between habitat amount and inbreeding was also nonlinear, inbreeding increased as habitat increased until about 20% of the local landscape contained habitat, after which inbreeding decreased as habitat increased. Because habitat fragmentation also had nonlinear relationships with functional connectivity and inbreeding, we suggest these important responses cannot be effectively managed by minimizing or maximizing habitat or fragmentation. Our work offers insights for prioritization of protected areas.     

Mitigation translocation as a management tool

Mitigation translocation is a subgroup of conservation translocation, categorized by a crisis-responsive time frame and the immediate goal of relocating individuals threatened with death. However, the relative successes of conservation translocations with longer time frames and broader metapopulation- and ecosystem-level considerations have been used to justify the continued implementation of mitigation translocations without adequate post hoc monitoring to confirm their effectiveness as a conservation tool. Mitigation translocations now outnumber other conservation translocations, and understanding the effectiveness of mitigation translocations is critical given limited global conservation funding especially if the mitigation translocations undermine biodiversity conservation by failing to save individuals. We assessed the effectiveness of mitigation translocations by conducting a quantitative review of the global literature. A total of 59 mitigation translocations were reviewed for their adherence to the adaptive scientific approach expected of other conservation translocations and for the testing of management options to continue improving techniques for the future. We found that mitigation translocations have not achieved their potential as an effective applied science. Most translocations focused predominantly on population establishment- and persistence-level questions, as is often seen in translocations more broadly, and less on metapopulation and ecosystem outcomes. Questions regarding the long-term impacts to the recipient ecosystem (12% of articles) and the carrying capacity of translocation sites (24% of articles) were addressed least often, despite these factors being more likely to influence ultimate success. Less than half (47%) of studies included comparison of different management techniques to facilitate practitioners selecting the most effective management actions for the future. To align mitigation translocations with the relative success of other conservation translocations, it is critical that future mitigation translocations conform to an established experimental approach to improve their effectiveness. Effective mitigation translocations will require significantly greater investment of time, expertise, and resources in the future.