用规划方法安排干旱和半干旱地区的农田灌溉方案——以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例

为提高干旱和半干旱地区的水分利用率,本文提出用规划方法安排农田灌溉方案,并以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例说明有关问题的处理方法。用规划方法求出的灌溉方案增产效果是显著的,比目前生产上采用的“保灌水浇地”的传统灌溉方法增产18％左右。     

The dynamics of arsenic in four paddy fields in the Bengal delta

Irrigation with arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Bengal Delta may lead to As accumulation in the soil and rice grain. The dynamics of As concentration and speciation in paddy fields during dry season (boro) rice cultivation were investigated at 4 sites in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. Three sites which were irrigated with high As groundwater had elevated As concentrations in the soils, showing a significant gradient from the irrigation inlet across the field. Arsenic concentration and speciation in soil pore water varied temporally and spatially; higher As concentrations were associated with an increasing percentage of arsenite, indicating a reductive mobilization. Concentrations of As in rice grain varied by 2-7 fold within individual fields and were poorly related with the soil As concentration. A field site employing alternating flooded-dry irrigation produced the lowest range of grain As concentration, suggesting a lower soil As availability caused by periodic aerobic conditions.     

惠州农业土壤、灌溉水和农产品中有机氯农药的残留

用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对惠州市51个农业土壤样品、12个灌溉水样品和21个农产品样品中的HCHs和DDTs残留量进行了测定.HCHs平均含量分别为土壤1.66μg/kg、灌溉水5.86ng/L、农产品24.74μg/kg;DDTs平均含量分别为土壤4.98μg/kg、灌溉水2.06ng/L、农产品41.72μg/kg,土壤中有机氯农药通过多种方式进入到水体及农产品中.从HCHs和DDTs异构体组成可以看出,环境中绝大多数农药残留是由于历史上使用造成的,个别地区可能还有新的污染输入.同其它地区相比,惠州农业土壤和灌溉水中的有机氯农药残留水平较低,但农产品尤其是蔬菜中DDTs富集程度较高.     

关中灌区农户生产投资与水费承受力研究

2000-2005年连续6年对陕西关中九大灌区800个定点农户进行入户跟踪问卷调查,结果表明,2000-2005年不计入农业税关中九大灌区平均年农业投资为4605.8元/hm²,计入农业税为5313.0元/hm²;2000-2005年农业毛收入从2000年9754.2元/hm²上升至2005年的17371.4元/hm²,6年增长了78.1%,农业净收入从2000年4944.3元/hm²上升至2005年的11317.4元/hm²,6年增长率超过了一倍。2000-2005年九大灌区水费投资平均值为854.9元/hm²,占农业投资的18.56%;2000-2005年灌区水费投资平均值逐年增长,而水费占农业投资、水费占毛收入、水费占净收入、人均水费占人均总净收入比例、人均耕地面积呈逐年下降的趋势。最后就目前农村生产中存在的问题提出了几点看法。     

灌溉污水中苯并(a)芘最高容许浓度的探讨

苯并(a)芘是一种强致癌物,在环境和食品中普遍存在,并能在土壤和生物体内蓄积,最高容许浓度的确定应考虑到环境中的“本底”水平和灌溉水中的实际含量以及对机体的毒理危害程度,建议灌溉污水中苯并(a)芘的最高容许浓度为0.05μg/L.     

Optimisation algorithms for spatially constrained forest planning

We compared genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and hill climbing algorithms on spatially constrained, integrated forest planning problems. There has been growing interest in algorithms that mimic natural processes, such as genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. These algorithms use random moves to generate new solutions, and employ a probabilistic acceptance/rejection criterion that allows inferior moves within the search space. Algorithms for a genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and random hill climbing are formulated and tested on a same-sample forest-planning problem where the adjacency rule is strictly enforced. Each method was randomly started 20 times and allowed to run for 10,000 iterations. All three algorithms identified good solutions (within 3% of the highest found), however, simulated annealing consistently produced superior solutions. Simulated annealing and random hill climbing were approximately 10 times faster than the genetic algorithm because only one solution needs to be modified at each iteration. Performance of simulated annealing was essentially independent of the starting point, giving it an important advantage over random hill climbing. The genetic algorithm was not well suited to the strict adjacency problem because considerable computation time was necessary to repair the damage caused during crossover.     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响

为揭示水位涨落形成系列淹水梯度对消落带土壤重金属含量的影响,论文采集三峡水库忠县消落带土壤,分析了不同淹水深度土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量,并探讨了这些重金属元素物质来源及其与三峡水库水位涨落关系。结果表明：1）不同淹水深度下消落带土壤重金属含量差异较大,长期淹水土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量远远高于短期淹水和未淹水土壤,Cr则在不同淹水深度略有变化;2）除Cr相对独立外,不同淹水深度下土壤SOM、pH与土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量密切相关,但pH、SOM间仅有微弱的相关关系;3）因子分析中因子1和因子2对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的累计贡献率为93.47%,Cu、Zn、Cd在第一轴载荷值为0.962、0.967、0.925,Cr在第二轴载荷值为0.998。研究发现：1）重金属输入来源和流向异质性是决定不同淹水深度Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量差异的重要原因,长期淹水显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量,但对Cr效应并不明显;2）区域土壤内Cr主要来源为自然源的土壤侵蚀和母岩风化,Cu、Zn、Cd来源于人为输入的库岸输入和长江上游来水悬浮颗粒沉积,应引起足够重视。     

基于低碳效益的微电网能量优化调度

根据微电网中各分布式电源(DG)的特点,综合考虑各DG的安装、运行、维护成本、碳排放治理成本以及风电、光伏补贴等,分别构建各微源的低碳综合成本模型,在满足系统约束的条件下,提出一种计及微电网低碳效益的能量优化调度模型。深入挖掘微电网的低碳效益,确定微电网优化调度运行策略,依据构建的调度模型,应用混沌粒子群算法(CPSO)解决各个实用的运行策略中的优化调度问题。通过仿真验证了模型和算法的有效性,并对各运行策略及大电网供电对比分析,证实微电网的低碳效益明显。     

Water quality in a non-traditional off-stream polyethylene-lined reservoir

Annual water storage in a 5.3 ha, polyethylene-lined, off-stream irrigation reservoir in northern Alabama, USA, resulted in marked improvement in water quality. Results of three-year monitoring from June 1999 to May 2002 indicate that the relatively static conditions of the reservoir enhanced settling of suspended particles by 85% (from 14.4 to 2.1 mg TSS/L) that cleared the water and increased sunlight penetration. The organic and inorganic particles that settled to the bottom removed up to 88% of the nutrients and other chemical substances from the water. Nutrients remaining in the water column were rapidly assimilated by phytoplankton algae. With the basin sealed at the bottom and no runoff input there was limited opportunity for nutrients or other substances to enter the reservoir in quantities that would adversely affect water quality. Consequently, reservoir water was found to be of high quality and suitable as a raw water supply. Non-traditional, off-stream storage reservoirs such as described in this paper may be uniquely suited for agricultural irrigation and public water supply in regions such as southeastern US that experience relatively frequent drought conditions but have relatively abundant long-term annual rainfall.     

河套灌区春小麦-萝卜复种模式下土壤NO3--N动态

研究了河套灌区春小麦-萝卜复种模式下,土壤、土壤溶液和地下水NO₃^--N浓度的动态变化.结果表明:随着试验时间的延长,土壤表层NO₃^--N含量降低,深层(100～150cm)增加;土壤溶液中、下层NO₃^--N浓度(70、120cm)显著高于上层(30cm),尤其是在萝卜生长季.当前的灌溉条件下,不同年度、不同生长季土壤NO₃^--N淋失量的多少与土壤水分的下渗量密切相关,且输入的氮素中有30%以上以NO₃^--N的形式淋失掉.施肥区地下水NO₃^--N浓度显著高于未施肥区,且65.5%的水样超过WHO规定的上限(11.3mg/L).总之,经过连续2a的春小麦与萝卜复种可使表层土壤NO₃^--N含量明显降低,但由于中、下层土壤剖面中残留大量的NO₃^--N,因此在当前灌溉措施下,短期内NO₃^--N淋失是不可避免的.