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41.
Anna‐Katharina Hornidge Lisa Oberkircher Bernhard Tischbein Gunther Schorcht Anik Bhaduri Ahmad M. Manschadi 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(4):251-268
The Khorezm region is located in the northwest of Uzbekistan, approximately 350 km from the current shore of the Aral Sea. It comprises a large‐scale irrigation system that conveys water from the river Amu Darya to agricultural land cropped mainly with cotton, wheat, and rice. Khorezm's water resources are vulnerable as they depend on upstream developments and are indispensable to rural livelihoods and state budgets. Since water scarcity is expected to increase in the future, sustainable water management is a necessity. Hence, the objectives of the paper are to: (1) conceptualize the distinctive features of water management in Khorezm; (2) provide an integrated analysis of water management by establishing linkages between society, technical infrastructure, and the bio‐physical environment; and (3) make policy and technology recommendations for improved water management. To conceptualize water management in Khorezm, the paper distinguishes three types of practices: formal practices, strategic practices, and discursive practices. Based on these, it presents an analysis of water management on the state water management level, the water user association level, and the farmer and field level. For each level, recommendations are given. The paper concludes that elements of integrated water resources management (IWRM) such as transparency, accountability, participation, and technical efficiency are relevant to improve water management in Khorezm, as elsewhere. In addition, it underlines the need to create legal space for agency and innovation. Technical tools such as models are increasingly important for facilitating transparency and enabling agents to access and make use of information across the management hierarchy. 相似文献
42.
介绍了曲靖市花山水库洪水预报调度管理系统的主要功能、系统的关键技术,并小结了其实际运行实践。 相似文献
43.
The rare plant Rheum palaestinum (Polygonaceae) is a perennial hemicryptophyte that grows during the rainy winter in desert mountainous areas in Israel and
Jordan that receive an average annual rainfall of ca. 75 mm. It produces between one and four large round leaves that are
tightly attached to the ground and form large rosettes of up to 1 m2. These leaves differ markedly from the typical small leaves of most desert plants. Moreover, they have a unique 3D morphology
resembling a scaled-down mountainous area with well-developed steep drainage systems, raising the question which selective
agents were involved in their evolution. We propose that the large leaves collect rainwater that then infiltrates the soil
surrounding the root. We measured the seasonal course of leaf growth, examined the area of wet soil surrounding the root after
actual and simulated rain, and modeled the water harvesting capacity using the plant leaf area and the weekly precipitation.
We show that even in the slightest rains, water flows above the veins to the leaf’s base where it irrigates the vertical root.
A typical plant harvests more than 4,100 cm3 of water per year, and enjoys a water regime of about 427 mm/year, equivalent to the water supply in a Mediterranean climate.
This is the first example of self-irrigation by large leaves in a desert plant, creating a leaf-made mini oasis.
All authors contributed equally to this paper. 相似文献
44.
Vesna Zupanc Martina ŠturmSonja Lojen Nina Marši?-KacjanJoseph Adu-Gyamfi Branka Bra?i?-?eleznikJanko Urbanc Marina Pintar 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):167-174
In the search for new technologies that would ensure optimum yield and environmental sustainability, various irrigation, nitrogen and cropping system management strategies for the production of vegetables with a shorter growing period were assessed at a benchmark site in Slovenia for the years 2006 and 2007. In the studied years four irrigation and fertilization treatments were applied: (1) 50% drip irrigation of plants water requirements ETcrop and the farmer's practice of fertilisation (broadcasting), (2) fertilisation and 100% drip irrigation (fertigation), (3) the farmer's practice of irrigation (sprinkler irrigation using water stored in plastic tanks) and fertilisation, and (4) control (the farmer's practice of irrigation but no fertilisation). An equivalent of 80, 80 and 200 kg ha−1 of nitrogen (N), 50, 50 and 80 kg ha−1 of phosphorous (P) and 120, 120 and 300 kg ha−1 of potassium (K) was added for iceberg lettuce, endive and cabbage, respectively. Nitrogen (N) labelled fertilizer (15N) was applied to trace the movement of the applied N fertiliser. The tested irrigation and fertilisation techniques for the production of vegetables with a shorter growing period in the Slovenian climate showed that environmentally sustainable practices (split application of nutrients compared to broadcast incorporating fertilisation) should be a practice of choice in water protection zones. The results confirm that fertigation and improved irrigation scheduling can be an effective way of minimizing nitrate leaching, and should be considered for vegetable production in or close to groundwater protection zones. 相似文献
45.
46.
通过渗灌、滴灌、沟灌3种灌溉方法对保护地土壤pH、全盐含量及水溶性离子组成的影响,探讨了3种灌溉方法在保护地土壤酸化、盐化过程中的演化规律.结果表明:渗灌、滴灌、沟灌:3种处理方法中滴灌处理比渗灌处理和沟灌处理效果更好,表层水溶性盐分和硝酸盐积累较轻,酸化较轻,有利于土壤环境的可持续性发展和有效地保护土壤资源. 相似文献
47.
《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2013,6(2):105-116
A great amount of energy is wasted in industry by machines that remain idle due to underutilisation. A way to avoid wasting energy and thus reducing the carbon print of an industrial plant is to consider minimisation of energy consumption objective while making scheduling decisions. To minimise energy consumption, the decision maker has to decide the timing and length of turn off/turn on operation (a setup) and also provide a sequence of jobs that minimises the scheduling objective, assuming that all jobs are not available at the same time. In this paper, a framework to solve a multiobjective optimisation problem that minimises total energy consumption and total tardiness is proposed. Since total tardiness problem with release dates is an NP‐hard problem, a new greedy randomised multiobjective adaptive search metaheuristic is utilised to obtain an approximate pareto front (i.e. an approximate set of non‐dominated solutions). Analytical Hierarchy Process is utilised to determine the ‘best’ alternative among the solutions on the pareto front. The proposed framework is illustrated in a case study. It is shown that a wide variety of dispersed solutions can be obtained via the proposed framework, and as total tardiness decreases, total energy consumption increases. 相似文献
48.
以沈阳沈抚灌区上游指定区域为研究对象,监测分析了停灌十多年来土壤中石油烃污染残留状况;采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价了采样区域的土壤中石油烃污染现状,同时运用Arcgis软件分析绘制了采样区的单项污染指数分布图。结果表明:采样区域石油烃存在残留和污染现象,按照单项污染指数评价,60%的行政村土壤属于高污染级以上。按照综合污染指数评价,80%的行政村土壤属于重污染级。污染指数分布图显示,离主干灌渠的源头越近,污染越严重。对于土壤石油烃修复效果,旱田作业要好于水田作业。 相似文献
49.
为应对民航突发情况,保障民航运行安全,提出应急调度这一概念。阐述常规情况下航班调度基本模型,分析其在应急情况下的弊端。引入机会约束,构建应对突发状况的应急调度模型。研究兼顾航空公司成本、航班运行安全及旅客随机需求的机型分配问题(FAP)模型和机组排班问题(CSP)模型。比较混合智能算法、隐枚举法、等价转化法的优缺点及适用度。根据案例数据,使用Matlab软件编程,并采用随机模拟与粒子群(PSO)算法相结合的智能算法对模型求解。结果表明,机会约束规划模型在考虑随机因素的情况下,比基本模型更符合实际动态环境。 相似文献
50.
针对西北干旱和半干旱地区流域非汛期农业需水和生态基流间的矛盾问题,论文提出了基于河道生态基流保障的农业生态补偿量计算方法。从生态基流得到保障后农业灌溉用水受到影响的角度出发,通过引入作物需水系数建立河道生态基流保障造成的农业用水短缺量与产量损失间的关系,定量计算农业生态补偿量。以宝鸡峡灌区为实例,计算了河道生态基流保障的农业生态补偿量,确定宝鸡峡灌区不同情形下的补偿上、下限,分别为5.25 亿元和0.37 亿元。生态补偿对象为宝鸡峡灌区因河道生态基流保障导致产量受损的农户,补偿的主体为流域的相关管理部门,生态补偿标准的实施也不应只局限于现金发放,也可以用投资建设等形式进行补偿,以提高宝鸡峡灌区的农业可持续发展。 相似文献