Marine macroalgae in polar regions as natural sources for volatile organohalogens

Marine macroalgae species from the polar regions were investigated for their importance as natural sources of volatile halogenated compounds released into the biosphere. Several different halogenated C1 to C4 hydrocarbons were identified and their release rates determined. The compounds contained mainly bromine and iodine, and form was the dominant compound released. Although an annual atmospheric input of approximately 10(8)-10(10) g bromine and 10(7)-10(8) g iodine was calculated from the release rates, marine macroalgae are apparently not the major source on a global scale, as the release is up to four orders of magnitude lower than a presumed annual flow from the oceans. Despite this, macroalgae may be more important on a local scale due to their occurrence at a high biomass in the coastal regions. The present paper gives an overview about studies done on the release of volatile halocarbons by macroalgae from polar regions. Furthermore, the function of these compounds in the macroalgal metabolism is discussed.     

Long-range transport potential of semivolatile organic chemicals in coupled air-water systems

Ongoing deliberations on the regulation of semivolatile organic chemicals require the assessment of chemical transport in atmospheric and marine systems. The characteristic travel distance was proposed as a measure for the transport potential in air and water. However, the existing definition treats the transport processes separately. It is shown that combined transport in coupled air-ocean systems can accelerate the overall transport into remote regions. Concentration ratios in air and water change with distance from sources depending on the initial concentration ratio and on the difference between the transport velocities. A measure is suggested facilitating the chemical screening with respect to transport potentials in such air-ocean systems. A case study for alpha and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane shows that the suggested measure qualitatively reveals the transport potentials of these chemicals and exemplifies possible concentration patterns.     

不同地域4种常用树种滞尘和吸滞重金属能力比较研究

为评估常见树种叶片滞尘及吸滞重金属的能力,本研究收集了4种常见绿化树种在多个城市的滞尘及吸滞重金属数据,用数理统计、区划分析等方法,探讨不同树种叶片在多城市环境滞尘和吸滞重金属的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,女贞、悬铃木和广玉兰的平均滞尘量差异不大,香樟滞尘量略低于其他3树种,但女贞叶片的滞尘潜能最大;女贞、广玉兰叶片滞尘量表现为南方城市大于北方城市,悬铃木叶片滞尘量表现为北方城市大于南方城市;在季节滞尘上,女贞叶片滞尘量表现为夏季低于秋季,悬铃木、广玉兰和香樟则是夏季高于秋季;多城市树种吸滞重金属分析显示,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞量的树种均是香樟,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞潜能的树种分别是女贞、悬铃木、香樟和香樟;香樟叶片对Pb、Cd的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,在中国南方城市比其他3树种更具有应用普适性;女贞叶片对Cu、Zn的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,比其他3树种具有普适性。     

洞庭湖大气氮湿沉降的时空变异

为研究洞庭湖大气氮素湿沉降的时空变化规律,于2016年1—12月对洞庭湖不同生态区的4个监测点的湿沉降进行了为期1年的观测.结果表明:采桑湖(CSH)、断港头(DGT)、蒋家嘴(JJZ)3个监测点的全年大气氮湿沉降量分别为49.9、38.7和90.9 kg·hm~(-2),其中NO_3~--N沉降量分别占30.3%、25.8%和33.1%,NH_4~+-N沉降量分别占32.9%、41.7%和51.1%,DON沉降量分别占36.8%、32.5%和15.9%;沅江(YJ)监测点7—12月的大气氮湿沉降量为19.0 kg·hm~(-2),NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和DON分别占62.2%、25.1%和12.7%,除YJ监测点外,其他各监测点NH_4~+-N沉降量高于NO_3~--N沉降量.湿沉降量与降雨量呈正相关,而湿沉降浓度与降雨量呈负相关;在CSH、DGT和JJZ监测点,湿沉降量均在春季最高,分别占全年总沉降量的54.4%、60.2%和49.7%,JJZ监测点在各个季节的总氮沉降量均高于CSH和JJZ监测点.     

地级以上城市的城市职能分类——以江浙沪地区为例

城市职能是城市在区域发展中所承担的分工。在国家或区域范围内,按照城市职能的相似性和差异性,研究城市与城市之间的分工,可以得到城市体系的职能结构。要得到城市体系的职能结构,首先要进行城市职能分类。对城市职能分类的方法经历了从简单到复杂、从定性到定量、从单指标到多指标的过程。以江浙沪地区25个地级以上城市为例,按照多因素分析和统计分析相结合的方法,研究得到这一城市体系的城市职能结构。上海是处于第一层级的综合性巨型城市,南京、杭州是处于第二层级的综合性特大城市,宁波、温州、绍兴、苏州、无锡是处于第三层级的综合性或专业化大城市,南通、盐城、徐州、金华是处于第四层级的综合性或专业化中等城市,其它12个城市则是处于第五层级的小城市。     

沿海省区洪灾脆弱性空间变化的初步探究

目前,脆弱性评估主要有建立指标体系、依据历史灾情和建立灾损曲线三种方法。选取国内评价洪灾脆弱性的典型指标构建指标体系,并采用主成分分析方法从原始数据中提取占总方差85．614％的3个主成分来分析影响洪灾脆弱性的主要因素,并通过聚类分析的方法来反映沿海省区洪灾脆弱性的空间变化。结果表明：人均产值、城镇建成区面积、居民消费水平、人口密度和地均产值等是影响沿海省区洪灾脆弱性的主要因素。最终沿海11个省区根据脆弱性差异聚成4类。     

西北干旱区植被恢复的土壤养分效应

通过对西北干旱区植被恢复过程中不同退耕模式下土壤养分的变化、土壤各养分的时空分布及各养分间的相关性分析,系统研究了干旱区植被恢复过程中土壤环境变化特征和规律。结果表明,在西北干旱区,进行植被恢复能明显改善土壤肥力状况,但不同植被恢复方式对土壤的腐殖化作用差异显著,依次为侧柏＋灌木＋苜蓿〉侧柏＋苜蓿〉侧柏＋灌木〉侧柏,而且随着植被恢复年限的持续,土壤中各养分质量分数明显增加。不同养分对植被恢复的响应程度从高到低表现为：速效磷〉速效氮〉速效钾〉全氮〉有机质〉全磷〉全钾。同时,相关性分析表明,土壤有机质的变化与全氮、速效氮呈现出显著的相关性,R2为0.867和0794,并且各养分具有明显的表聚性,尤以有机质、速效磷和速效氮表现明显。     

中国植被生长的最适温度估算与分析

利用中国区域的GIMMS NDVI数据集和相应时期气象站点实测的温度数据集,分别在时间尺度和空间地域上对比分析植被生长过程与环境温度变化的关系,并由此提取区域植被生长关键阶段对应的温度,最后得到了中国各生态地理区植被生长的最适温度及其变化区间。结果显示:①研究首次给出了不同生态区植被生长的最适温度,其中青藏高原的参考最适温度最低,在10 ℃左右,而长江中下游和华南地区的较高,很多区域的值都超过了25 ℃,说明植被生长的最适温度具有很强的地域分异性;②根据论文结果,通过海拔高度和纬度两个地理因子,可快速拟合得到中国陆地植被生长的近似最适温度。研究结果可以为生态系统模型的参数本地化和空间化提供参考。     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

艾比湖流域大气降尘重金属的污染和健康风险

为了解新疆典型绿洲盆地经济发展背景下大气降尘中重金属的污染状况及潜在健康风险,通过采集样品,测试了其中重金属Zn、Cr、Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cu含量,然后结合富集因子(EF)、地累积指数(Igeo)和健康风险评估方法进行研究.结果表明:艾比湖流域年降尘通量平均值为298.23g/m2,各月降尘平均值为24.85g/m2,从年内分配来看,艾比湖流域冬半年(2013年8月~2014年2月)大气降尘通量明显大于夏半年 (2014年3~7月),富集系数计算表明,艾比湖流域大气降尘中重金属Cu、Cr和As,主要来自于流域自然地质背景;降尘中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg主要受人为污染因素的影响.地积累指数评价表明艾比湖流域大气降尘中重金属As、Cr、Cu和Zn的无污染等级在全年各月所占比例最大;重金属Pb、Cd和Hg轻污染等级较大,中度污染也占有一定比率.健康风险评价表明艾比湖流域大气降尘中重金属的致癌和非致癌风险概率均较低,不会对流域人体健康造成危害.