长江三角洲城市群发展研究

概观当代城市发展的趋势,全球化促进了全球城市发展,区域化正在形成巨型城市区域,地方化使城市集群各具特色。长江三角洲城镇群在国家具有特别重要的地位与作用,也是中国融入全球化进程首要的全球区和全球城市形成地区。长江三角洲城镇空间布局应该顺应这些潮流,发展全球城市,建设巨型城市区,组建网络城市,规划走廊城市。     

The challenge of managing threatened invasive species at a continental scale

The European Union's (EU) environmental legislation establishes common measures to prevent the entry and spread of invasive non-native species and to minimize their impacts. However, species that are native to at least one member state but non-native and potentially invasive in others (NPIS) are in limbo because they are neither legally regulated at the EU level nor in most member states. We used the Communication and Information Resource Centre for Administrations, Businesses and Citizens (CIRCABC) raw data on NPIS (317 taxa) to analyze their distribution across the EU and identify which biogeographical regions are the main sources of invasions. We additionally evaluated the conservation challenge posed by NPIS that are threatened within their native ranges. We performed a pairwise analysis summarizing the number of species that are native to a given member state but non-native to another and vice versa. Although distribution patterns of NPIS varied across taxa groups, overall, southern and central EU countries were both donors and recipients of NPIS. Eastern countries were mainly a source, and western and northern countries mostly received NPIS. Around 27% of NPIS were threatened in some of their EU native ranges, which is a challenge for conservation and management because some of them have serious negative effects on European biodiversity, but hitherto remain outside the scope of the EU regulation of invasive non-native species. This highlights an unresolved paradox because efforts to manage species as invasive conflict with efforts to protect them as threatened within the same territory.     

Community-scale analysis of the farmland abandonment occurrence process in the mountain region of Ladakh,India

Farmland abandonment has been a significant issue in mountain regions. Thus, many studies have attempted to uncover its driving factors. Most existing studies take a large- or meso-scale view of mountain regions, and there are a few studies that provide community-level analysis. Therefore, it is unclear how ecological and sociopolitical factors are actually combined to influence farmland abandonment at a community level. Thus, we conducted a field survey in the mountain village of Ladakh, northern India, beginning in 2009 and tried to understand the farmland abandonment occurrence process from the viewpoint of traditional altitudinal models of land use. Using data collected during the survey, a relationship between altitude and farmland abandonment was established. However, this relationship was complex, combining traditional forms of land use system in the village. The altitudinal model of land use was very common in mountain regions; thus, discussions of current land use issues should be based on an understanding of such traditional altitudinal systems.     

长江沿江地区发展态势评估与分类

区域发展是城市化与工业化进程中需要解决的重大理论与实际问题,评估区域发展态势是进一步研究区域发展前景的基础。基于区域可持续发展理论,从区域发展水平与发展成本的辩证关系出发,以长江沿江产业带40个地级城市为基本评价单元,选取标识发展水平和发展成本最重要的指标,构建了基于“经济-社会-资源-环境”的复合指标体系。在综合评价长江沿江地区经济社会发展水平和资源环境发展成本的基础上,依据二维判别矩阵,将长江沿江地区划分为高发展高成本区、高发展低成本区、低发展高成本区和低发展低成本区等4种类型区,并针对不同类型区域,分别从产业发展、生态保护、区域协调等方面提出了相应的发展政策和措施,为长江沿江地区新一轮的区域发展提供依据     

人口变化及其对空间发展的影响——以德国为例

在分析人口变化如何影响德国的城镇和区域发展的基础上,探讨了在城市与区域规划中如何应对人口变化的主要结果--人口缩减和老龄化的。人口减少对二战以来东德和西德的区域发展有重要影响作用。但是,直到1990年两德统一以前,两德的城市与区域规划一直是建立在人口增长的假设之上。两德统一以后,人口缩减和老龄化对城市和农村发展起到了决定性作用。首先,研究了人口缩减和老龄化的起因和结果,由于人口变化在东德更为显著,因此以东德为例,进行实证分析。其次,重点讨论如何应对人口衰减和老龄化带来的问题。对于城市地区而言,可以采用两种模式--“紧缩式”和“穿孔式”,这两种方式都可以通过减少建筑面积和增加绿色空间或利用强度较小的土地类型来提高生活质量。对于农村地区而言,则需要采取更加严格的方式来应对人口减少和老龄化。一条可行的路径是通过撤销公共服务设施等方式,有计划地舍弃部分村庄,将村民在城镇中进行集中安置     

江苏省城乡空间融合的形态演化研究

选取1980~2010年5期土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)作为数据源,获取江苏省近30a的城乡建设用地变化数据,在空间分析和景观分析等方法支持下,分析城乡空间形态的演变特征,揭示城乡空间融合的过程和动力机制,并归纳不同类型的城乡空间融合模式。结果表明:(1)城镇空间扩展方面,数量变化呈先平缓后急剧增长特征,空间形态变化首先以外部扩展为主,然后进入斑块边缘间的填充扩展的循环过程,苏锡常地区城镇空间的扩展最为密集;(2)农村地域变化方面,总量呈小幅增长态势,江苏北部沿淮河地区农村建设用地分布较为密集,沿江地区逐渐形成农村建设用地的次级密集区;(3)城乡空间融合过程方面,城乡空间开始由离散扩展逐步向粘合扩展过渡,城乡连通程度逐步提高,苏南地区城乡粘合扩展最为明显;(4)城乡空间融合的动力机制和地域模式,社会经济发展水平的快速提高、乡镇企业的高速发展、交通基础设施的不断完善、开发区和新城区的快速建设是江苏城乡融合发展的主要驱动力。依据空间形态变化特征和主要动力因素,江苏省具有3种城乡空间融合发展类型:枢纽链接模式、集聚吞并模式、融合扩展模式。     

Linking GIS-based models to value ecosystem services in an Alpine region

Planning frequently fails to include the valuation of public goods and services. This can have long-term negative economic consequences for a region. This is especially the case in mountainous regions such as the Alps, which depend on tourism and where land-use changes can negatively impact key ecosystem services and hence the economy. In this study, we develop a semi-automatic procedure to value ecosystem goods and services. Several existing process-based models linked to economic valuation methods are integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) platform. The model requires the input of a digital elevation model, a land-cover map, and a spatially explicit temperature dataset. These datasets are available for most regions in Europe. We illustrate the approach by valuing four ecosystem services: avalanche protection, timber production, scenic beauty, and habitat, which are supplied by the “Landschaft Davos”, an administrative district in the Swiss Alps. We compare the impacts of a human development scenario and a climate scenario on the value of these ecosystem services. Urban expansion and tourist infrastructure developments have a negative impact on scenic beauty and habitats. These impacts outweigh the benefits of the developments in the long-term. Forest expansion, predictable under a climate change scenario, favours natural avalanche protection and habitats. In general, such non-marketed benefits provided by the case-study region more than compensate for the costs of forest maintenance. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the approach. Despite its limitations, we show how this approach could well help decision-makers balance the impacts of different planning options on the economic accounting of a region, and guide them in selecting sustainable and economically feasible development strategies.     

云南洱海湖滨带生态重建方案研究

按照湖滨带的环境功能和生态服务价值．将云南洱海湖滨带划分为4个功能区段，在此基础上根据洱海湖滨带现状、不同功能区的要求和生态恢复目标．提出了洱海湖滨带生态恢复适用模式和高、中、低3个目标的生态重建方案。并对3个方案的投资．环境效益与经济成本进行了必要的分析．结合洱海流域的社会经济发展水平及洱海环境综合整治方案的要求，确定了洱海湖滨带重建推荐方案。     

西北干旱区黄河沿岸典型工业带表土磁性特征及其环境意义

对西北干旱区黄河沿岸典型工业带中两个工业城市乌海和石嘴山表土样品进行了系统的环境磁学参数的测量,分析了表土磁性矿物的含量、种类、颗粒大小,并对其环境指示意义进行研究.结果表明,表土的磁性矿物以假单畴-多畴磁铁矿为主.磁性矿物的浓度和颗粒大小在不同功能区表现出一定的差异,工业区表土磁性矿物的浓度最高,颗粒最粗,农业区次之,原煤区浓度最低,颗粒最细.环境磁学监测手段对于因化石燃料燃烧而造成的污染指示较为敏感,而对未经燃烧原料的污染指示作用并不显著.χlf、SIRM、SOFT是指示城市土壤污染状况的有效指标,环境磁学方法是监测和评价城市土壤污染状况的一种重要手段.     

重点区域建设用地污染地块特征分析

以我国工业发展的重点区域京津冀、长三角和珠三角为研究对象,基于2018～2021年纳入《建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复名录》的共496个污染地块,对其区域分布、土壤和地下水超标污染物特征、污染的行业相关性、场地地质条件等数据进行相关数据统计分析.结果表明:京津冀污染地块主要分布于京津和冀南,长三角污染地块数量最大且分布广,珠三角污染地块则密布于珠江口.整体上土壤污染以重金属-有机复合污染为主(48.43%),地下水则是有机污染占比(42.49%)最大.化学原料及化学品制造业和金属冶炼及延压加工业污染地块风险负荷指数大于0.25,为较高风险;塑料和橡胶制品业、机械制造、金属制品业、电器机械及器材制造业和皮革、皮毛制造业污染地块为中风险,其余行业污染地块为低风险.场地土壤和地下水污染分布与历史行业类型息息相关,如土壤中化学原料及化学品制造业超标污染物种类最复杂,卤代烃(占比12%)和苯系物(占比10.4%)相比其余行业占比更重,地下水中各行业重金属污染和常规指标如氨氮需要关注.土层深度上各类典型污染物最大超标普遍分布在0～5m,整体上重金属最大污染超标深度大于有机污染最大超标深度;土壤性质...